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Proximity to livestock farms and COVID-19 in the Netherlands, 2020–2021
OBJECTIVES: In the Netherlands, during the first phase of the COVID-19 epidemic, the hotspot of COVID-19 overlapped with the country's main livestock area, while in subsequent phases this distinct spatial pattern disappeared. Previous studies show that living near livestock farms influence huma...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9376334/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35987164 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114022 |
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author | Hogerwerf, Lenny Post, Pim M. Bom, Ben van der Hoek, Wim van de Kassteele, Jan Stemerding, Annette M. de Vries, Wilco Houthuijs, Danny |
author_facet | Hogerwerf, Lenny Post, Pim M. Bom, Ben van der Hoek, Wim van de Kassteele, Jan Stemerding, Annette M. de Vries, Wilco Houthuijs, Danny |
author_sort | Hogerwerf, Lenny |
collection | PubMed |
description | OBJECTIVES: In the Netherlands, during the first phase of the COVID-19 epidemic, the hotspot of COVID-19 overlapped with the country's main livestock area, while in subsequent phases this distinct spatial pattern disappeared. Previous studies show that living near livestock farms influence human respiratory health and immunological responses. This study aimed to explore whether proximity to livestock was associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: The study population was the population of the Netherlands excluding the very strongly urbanised areas and border areas, on January 1, 2019 (12, 628, 244 individuals). The cases are the individuals reported with a laboratory-confirmed positive SARS-CoV-2 test with onset before January 1, 2022 (2, 223, 692 individuals). For each individual, we calculated distance to nearest livestock farm (cattle, goat, sheep, pig, poultry, horse, rabbit, mink). The associations between residential (6-digit postal-code) distance to the nearest livestock farm and individuals' SARS-CoV-2 status was studied with multilevel logistic regression models. Models were adjusted for individuals' age categories, the social status of the postal code area, particulate matter (PM(10))- and nitrogen dioxide (NO(2))-concentrations. We analysed data for the entire period and population as well as separately for eight time periods (Jan–Mar, Apr–Jun, Jul–Sep and Oct–Dec in 2020 and 2021), four geographic areas of the Netherlands (north, east, west and south), and for five age categories (0–14, 15–24, 25–44, 45–64 and > 65 years). RESULTS: Over the period 2020–2021, individuals' SARS-CoV-2 status was associated with living closer to livestock farms. This association increased from an Odds Ratio (OR) of 1.01 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.01–1.02) for patients living at a distance of 751–1000 m to a farm to an OR of 1.04 (95% CI 1.04–1.04), 1.07 (95% CI 1.06–1.07) and 1.11 (95% CI 1.10–1.12) for patients living in the more proximate 501–750 m, 251–500m and 0–250 m zones around farms, all relative to patients living further than 1000 m around farms. This association was observed in three out of four quarters of the year in both 2020 and 2021, and in all studied geographic areas and age groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this exploratory study with individual SARS-CoV-2 notification data and high-resolution spatial data associations were found between living near livestock farms and individuals' SARS-CoV-2 status in the Netherlands. Verification of the results in other countries is warranted, as well as investigations into possible underlying exposures and mechanisms. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9376334 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93763342022-08-15 Proximity to livestock farms and COVID-19 in the Netherlands, 2020–2021 Hogerwerf, Lenny Post, Pim M. Bom, Ben van der Hoek, Wim van de Kassteele, Jan Stemerding, Annette M. de Vries, Wilco Houthuijs, Danny Int J Hyg Environ Health Article OBJECTIVES: In the Netherlands, during the first phase of the COVID-19 epidemic, the hotspot of COVID-19 overlapped with the country's main livestock area, while in subsequent phases this distinct spatial pattern disappeared. Previous studies show that living near livestock farms influence human respiratory health and immunological responses. This study aimed to explore whether proximity to livestock was associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: The study population was the population of the Netherlands excluding the very strongly urbanised areas and border areas, on January 1, 2019 (12, 628, 244 individuals). The cases are the individuals reported with a laboratory-confirmed positive SARS-CoV-2 test with onset before January 1, 2022 (2, 223, 692 individuals). For each individual, we calculated distance to nearest livestock farm (cattle, goat, sheep, pig, poultry, horse, rabbit, mink). The associations between residential (6-digit postal-code) distance to the nearest livestock farm and individuals' SARS-CoV-2 status was studied with multilevel logistic regression models. Models were adjusted for individuals' age categories, the social status of the postal code area, particulate matter (PM(10))- and nitrogen dioxide (NO(2))-concentrations. We analysed data for the entire period and population as well as separately for eight time periods (Jan–Mar, Apr–Jun, Jul–Sep and Oct–Dec in 2020 and 2021), four geographic areas of the Netherlands (north, east, west and south), and for five age categories (0–14, 15–24, 25–44, 45–64 and > 65 years). RESULTS: Over the period 2020–2021, individuals' SARS-CoV-2 status was associated with living closer to livestock farms. This association increased from an Odds Ratio (OR) of 1.01 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.01–1.02) for patients living at a distance of 751–1000 m to a farm to an OR of 1.04 (95% CI 1.04–1.04), 1.07 (95% CI 1.06–1.07) and 1.11 (95% CI 1.10–1.12) for patients living in the more proximate 501–750 m, 251–500m and 0–250 m zones around farms, all relative to patients living further than 1000 m around farms. This association was observed in three out of four quarters of the year in both 2020 and 2021, and in all studied geographic areas and age groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this exploratory study with individual SARS-CoV-2 notification data and high-resolution spatial data associations were found between living near livestock farms and individuals' SARS-CoV-2 status in the Netherlands. Verification of the results in other countries is warranted, as well as investigations into possible underlying exposures and mechanisms. The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH. 2022-08 2022-08-15 /pmc/articles/PMC9376334/ /pubmed/35987164 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114022 Text en © 2022 The Authors Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. |
spellingShingle | Article Hogerwerf, Lenny Post, Pim M. Bom, Ben van der Hoek, Wim van de Kassteele, Jan Stemerding, Annette M. de Vries, Wilco Houthuijs, Danny Proximity to livestock farms and COVID-19 in the Netherlands, 2020–2021 |
title | Proximity to livestock farms and COVID-19 in the Netherlands, 2020–2021 |
title_full | Proximity to livestock farms and COVID-19 in the Netherlands, 2020–2021 |
title_fullStr | Proximity to livestock farms and COVID-19 in the Netherlands, 2020–2021 |
title_full_unstemmed | Proximity to livestock farms and COVID-19 in the Netherlands, 2020–2021 |
title_short | Proximity to livestock farms and COVID-19 in the Netherlands, 2020–2021 |
title_sort | proximity to livestock farms and covid-19 in the netherlands, 2020–2021 |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9376334/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35987164 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114022 |
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