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Immune-Triggered Forms of Plasticity Across Brain Regions

Immune cells play numerous roles in the host defense against the invasion of microorganisms and pathogens, which induces the release of inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines and chemokines). In the CNS, microglia is the major resident immune cell. Recent efforts have revealed the diversity of the...

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Autores principales: Hikosaka, Momoka, Kawano, Takeo, Wada, Yayoi, Maeda, Tomoki, Sakurai, Takeshi, Ohtsuki, Gen
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9376917/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35978857
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2022.925493
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author Hikosaka, Momoka
Kawano, Takeo
Wada, Yayoi
Maeda, Tomoki
Sakurai, Takeshi
Ohtsuki, Gen
author_facet Hikosaka, Momoka
Kawano, Takeo
Wada, Yayoi
Maeda, Tomoki
Sakurai, Takeshi
Ohtsuki, Gen
author_sort Hikosaka, Momoka
collection PubMed
description Immune cells play numerous roles in the host defense against the invasion of microorganisms and pathogens, which induces the release of inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines and chemokines). In the CNS, microglia is the major resident immune cell. Recent efforts have revealed the diversity of the cell types and the heterogeneity of their functions. The refinement of the synapse structure was a hallmark feature of the microglia, while they are also involved in the myelination and capillary dynamics. Another promising feature is the modulation of the synaptic transmission as synaptic plasticity and the intrinsic excitability of neurons as non-synaptic plasticity. Those modulations of physiological properties of neurons are considered induced by both transient and chronic exposures to inflammatory mediators, which cause behavioral disorders seen in mental illness. It is plausible for astrocytes and pericytes other than microglia and macrophage to induce the immune-triggered plasticity of neurons. However, current understanding has yet achieved to unveil what inflammatory mediators from what immune cells or glia induce a form of plasticity modulating pre-, post-synaptic functions and intrinsic excitability of neurons. It is still unclear what ion channels and intracellular signaling of what types of neurons in which brain regions of the CNS are involved. In this review, we introduce the ubiquitous modulation of the synaptic efficacy and the intrinsic excitability across the brain by immune cells and related inflammatory cytokines with the mechanism for induction. Specifically, we compare neuro-modulation mechanisms by microglia of the intrinsic excitability of cerebellar Purkinje neurons with cerebral pyramidal neurons, stressing the inverted directionality of the plasticity. We also discuss the suppression and augmentation of the extent of plasticity by inflammatory mediators, as the meta-plasticity by immunity. Lastly, we sum up forms of immune-triggered plasticity in the different brain regions with disease relevance. Together, brain immunity influences our cognition, sense, memory, and behavior via immune-triggered plasticity.
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spelling pubmed-93769172022-08-16 Immune-Triggered Forms of Plasticity Across Brain Regions Hikosaka, Momoka Kawano, Takeo Wada, Yayoi Maeda, Tomoki Sakurai, Takeshi Ohtsuki, Gen Front Cell Neurosci Cellular Neuroscience Immune cells play numerous roles in the host defense against the invasion of microorganisms and pathogens, which induces the release of inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines and chemokines). In the CNS, microglia is the major resident immune cell. Recent efforts have revealed the diversity of the cell types and the heterogeneity of their functions. The refinement of the synapse structure was a hallmark feature of the microglia, while they are also involved in the myelination and capillary dynamics. Another promising feature is the modulation of the synaptic transmission as synaptic plasticity and the intrinsic excitability of neurons as non-synaptic plasticity. Those modulations of physiological properties of neurons are considered induced by both transient and chronic exposures to inflammatory mediators, which cause behavioral disorders seen in mental illness. It is plausible for astrocytes and pericytes other than microglia and macrophage to induce the immune-triggered plasticity of neurons. However, current understanding has yet achieved to unveil what inflammatory mediators from what immune cells or glia induce a form of plasticity modulating pre-, post-synaptic functions and intrinsic excitability of neurons. It is still unclear what ion channels and intracellular signaling of what types of neurons in which brain regions of the CNS are involved. In this review, we introduce the ubiquitous modulation of the synaptic efficacy and the intrinsic excitability across the brain by immune cells and related inflammatory cytokines with the mechanism for induction. Specifically, we compare neuro-modulation mechanisms by microglia of the intrinsic excitability of cerebellar Purkinje neurons with cerebral pyramidal neurons, stressing the inverted directionality of the plasticity. We also discuss the suppression and augmentation of the extent of plasticity by inflammatory mediators, as the meta-plasticity by immunity. Lastly, we sum up forms of immune-triggered plasticity in the different brain regions with disease relevance. Together, brain immunity influences our cognition, sense, memory, and behavior via immune-triggered plasticity. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-07-22 /pmc/articles/PMC9376917/ /pubmed/35978857 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2022.925493 Text en Copyright © 2022 Hikosaka, Kawano, Wada, Maeda, Sakurai and Ohtsuki. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Cellular Neuroscience
Hikosaka, Momoka
Kawano, Takeo
Wada, Yayoi
Maeda, Tomoki
Sakurai, Takeshi
Ohtsuki, Gen
Immune-Triggered Forms of Plasticity Across Brain Regions
title Immune-Triggered Forms of Plasticity Across Brain Regions
title_full Immune-Triggered Forms of Plasticity Across Brain Regions
title_fullStr Immune-Triggered Forms of Plasticity Across Brain Regions
title_full_unstemmed Immune-Triggered Forms of Plasticity Across Brain Regions
title_short Immune-Triggered Forms of Plasticity Across Brain Regions
title_sort immune-triggered forms of plasticity across brain regions
topic Cellular Neuroscience
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9376917/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35978857
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2022.925493
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