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Moderate and severe TBI in children and adolescents: The effects of age, sex, and injury severity on patient outcome 6 months after injury
The interaction of age, sex, and outcomes of children with head injury remains incompletely understood and these factors need rigorous evaluation in prognostic models for pediatric head injury. We leveraged our large institutional pediatric TBI population to evaluate age and sex along with a series...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9382186/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35989939 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.741717 |
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author | Kennedy, Lori Nuno, Miriam Gurkoff, Gene G. Nosova, Kristin Zwienenberg, Marike |
author_facet | Kennedy, Lori Nuno, Miriam Gurkoff, Gene G. Nosova, Kristin Zwienenberg, Marike |
author_sort | Kennedy, Lori |
collection | PubMed |
description | The interaction of age, sex, and outcomes of children with head injury remains incompletely understood and these factors need rigorous evaluation in prognostic models for pediatric head injury. We leveraged our large institutional pediatric TBI population to evaluate age and sex along with a series of predictive factors used in the acute care of injury to describe the response and outcome of children and adolescents with moderate to severe injury. We hypothesized that younger age at injury and male sex would be associated with adverse outcomes and that a novel GCS-based scale incorporating pupillary response (GCS-P) would have superior performance in predicting 6-month outcome. GCS and GCS-P along with established CT scan variables associated with neurologic outcomes were retrospectively reviewed in children (age birth to 18 years) with moderate or severe head injury. GOS-E was prospectively collected 6 months after injury; 570 patients were enrolled in the study, 520 with TBI and 50 with abusive head trauma, each analyzed separately. In the TBI cohort, the median age of patients was 8 years and 42.7% had a severe head injury. Multiple predictors of outcome were identified in univariate analysis; however, based on a multivariate analysis, the GCS was identified as most reliable, outperforming GCS-P, pupil score, and other clinical and CT scan predictors. After stratifying patients for severity of injury by GCS, no age- or sex-related effects were observed in our patient population, except for a trend toward worse outcomes in the neonatal group. Patients with abusive head trauma were more likely to have severe injury on presentation, increased mortality rate, and unfavorable outcome. Additionally, there was clear evidence that secondary injuries, including hypoxia, hypotension, and hypothermia were significantly associated with lower GCS and higher mortality in both AHT and TBI populations. Our findings support the use of GCS to guide clinical decision-making and prognostication in addition to emphasizing the need to stratify head injuries for severity when undertaking outcome studies. Finally, secondary injuries are a clear predictor of poor outcome and how we record and manage these events need to be considered moving forward. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9382186 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93821862022-08-18 Moderate and severe TBI in children and adolescents: The effects of age, sex, and injury severity on patient outcome 6 months after injury Kennedy, Lori Nuno, Miriam Gurkoff, Gene G. Nosova, Kristin Zwienenberg, Marike Front Neurol Neurology The interaction of age, sex, and outcomes of children with head injury remains incompletely understood and these factors need rigorous evaluation in prognostic models for pediatric head injury. We leveraged our large institutional pediatric TBI population to evaluate age and sex along with a series of predictive factors used in the acute care of injury to describe the response and outcome of children and adolescents with moderate to severe injury. We hypothesized that younger age at injury and male sex would be associated with adverse outcomes and that a novel GCS-based scale incorporating pupillary response (GCS-P) would have superior performance in predicting 6-month outcome. GCS and GCS-P along with established CT scan variables associated with neurologic outcomes were retrospectively reviewed in children (age birth to 18 years) with moderate or severe head injury. GOS-E was prospectively collected 6 months after injury; 570 patients were enrolled in the study, 520 with TBI and 50 with abusive head trauma, each analyzed separately. In the TBI cohort, the median age of patients was 8 years and 42.7% had a severe head injury. Multiple predictors of outcome were identified in univariate analysis; however, based on a multivariate analysis, the GCS was identified as most reliable, outperforming GCS-P, pupil score, and other clinical and CT scan predictors. After stratifying patients for severity of injury by GCS, no age- or sex-related effects were observed in our patient population, except for a trend toward worse outcomes in the neonatal group. Patients with abusive head trauma were more likely to have severe injury on presentation, increased mortality rate, and unfavorable outcome. Additionally, there was clear evidence that secondary injuries, including hypoxia, hypotension, and hypothermia were significantly associated with lower GCS and higher mortality in both AHT and TBI populations. Our findings support the use of GCS to guide clinical decision-making and prognostication in addition to emphasizing the need to stratify head injuries for severity when undertaking outcome studies. Finally, secondary injuries are a clear predictor of poor outcome and how we record and manage these events need to be considered moving forward. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-08-03 /pmc/articles/PMC9382186/ /pubmed/35989939 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.741717 Text en Copyright © 2022 Kennedy, Nuno, Gurkoff, Nosova and Zwienenberg. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Neurology Kennedy, Lori Nuno, Miriam Gurkoff, Gene G. Nosova, Kristin Zwienenberg, Marike Moderate and severe TBI in children and adolescents: The effects of age, sex, and injury severity on patient outcome 6 months after injury |
title | Moderate and severe TBI in children and adolescents: The effects of age, sex, and injury severity on patient outcome 6 months after injury |
title_full | Moderate and severe TBI in children and adolescents: The effects of age, sex, and injury severity on patient outcome 6 months after injury |
title_fullStr | Moderate and severe TBI in children and adolescents: The effects of age, sex, and injury severity on patient outcome 6 months after injury |
title_full_unstemmed | Moderate and severe TBI in children and adolescents: The effects of age, sex, and injury severity on patient outcome 6 months after injury |
title_short | Moderate and severe TBI in children and adolescents: The effects of age, sex, and injury severity on patient outcome 6 months after injury |
title_sort | moderate and severe tbi in children and adolescents: the effects of age, sex, and injury severity on patient outcome 6 months after injury |
topic | Neurology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9382186/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35989939 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.741717 |
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