Cargando…

Influence of photoperiod on thermal responses in body size, growth and development in Lycaena phlaeas (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Many ectotherms species grow faster but attain a smaller body size when reared under warmer conditions, a phenomenon known as the Temperature-Size Rule (TSR). This rule appears to be stronger in aquatic ectotherms than in terrestrial ectotherms. The difference could be related to difficulties for ox...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Semsar-kazerouni, Maryam, Siepel, Henk, Verberk, Wilco C.E.P.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Elsevier 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9387441/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36003275
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cris.2022.100034
_version_ 1784770019492626432
author Semsar-kazerouni, Maryam
Siepel, Henk
Verberk, Wilco C.E.P.
author_facet Semsar-kazerouni, Maryam
Siepel, Henk
Verberk, Wilco C.E.P.
author_sort Semsar-kazerouni, Maryam
collection PubMed
description Many ectotherms species grow faster but attain a smaller body size when reared under warmer conditions, a phenomenon known as the Temperature-Size Rule (TSR). This rule appears to be stronger in aquatic ectotherms than in terrestrial ectotherms. The difference could be related to difficulties for oxygen uptake in water, whereas on land, adaptive responses in body size may relate to seasonal time constraints. To assess the role of seasonal time constraints in temperature size response of terrestrial ectotherms, we reared the small copper Lycaena phlaeas at three temperatures (18 ˚C, 23˚C and 28˚C) and two photoperiods (16L: 8D and 12L: 12D). We examined whether differences in body size across treatments was related to (1) differences in growth and development, (2) differences in breakpoints during growth trajectories, or (3) differences in ommatidia size (as a proxy for cell size). We found a weak inverse relationship between developmental temperature and the body size of adult butterflies; adult size decreased by approximately 1% for every degree warmer. Under warmer temperatures, caterpillars developed more quickly and had higher growth rates but reached a smaller body size. Under a short photoperiod, both growth and development were slower, especially at the two lower temperatures, but the body size resulting from slow growth over a longer developmental period did not vary with photoperiod. Breakpoints in growth trajectories occurred when larvae reached ∼40% of their maximum mass and these breakpoints were strongly correlated with the size of the resulting adults, suggesting that adult size is predetermined at an early stage. Temperature did not appear to cause reductions in body size through reductions in cell size. Butterflies were largely able to buffer their body size by modulating larval growth and development in tandem. They appear to use photoperiod as a cue to gauge the availability of time (with 12L: 12D indicating less time available) while temperature speeds up growth and development and as such governs the amount of time they need to complete a developmental cycle. Temperature and photoperiod thus induce changes in voltinism to fit a discrete number of generations into a growing season.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-9387441
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2022
publisher Elsevier
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-93874412022-08-23 Influence of photoperiod on thermal responses in body size, growth and development in Lycaena phlaeas (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) Semsar-kazerouni, Maryam Siepel, Henk Verberk, Wilco C.E.P. Curr Res Insect Sci Research Article Many ectotherms species grow faster but attain a smaller body size when reared under warmer conditions, a phenomenon known as the Temperature-Size Rule (TSR). This rule appears to be stronger in aquatic ectotherms than in terrestrial ectotherms. The difference could be related to difficulties for oxygen uptake in water, whereas on land, adaptive responses in body size may relate to seasonal time constraints. To assess the role of seasonal time constraints in temperature size response of terrestrial ectotherms, we reared the small copper Lycaena phlaeas at three temperatures (18 ˚C, 23˚C and 28˚C) and two photoperiods (16L: 8D and 12L: 12D). We examined whether differences in body size across treatments was related to (1) differences in growth and development, (2) differences in breakpoints during growth trajectories, or (3) differences in ommatidia size (as a proxy for cell size). We found a weak inverse relationship between developmental temperature and the body size of adult butterflies; adult size decreased by approximately 1% for every degree warmer. Under warmer temperatures, caterpillars developed more quickly and had higher growth rates but reached a smaller body size. Under a short photoperiod, both growth and development were slower, especially at the two lower temperatures, but the body size resulting from slow growth over a longer developmental period did not vary with photoperiod. Breakpoints in growth trajectories occurred when larvae reached ∼40% of their maximum mass and these breakpoints were strongly correlated with the size of the resulting adults, suggesting that adult size is predetermined at an early stage. Temperature did not appear to cause reductions in body size through reductions in cell size. Butterflies were largely able to buffer their body size by modulating larval growth and development in tandem. They appear to use photoperiod as a cue to gauge the availability of time (with 12L: 12D indicating less time available) while temperature speeds up growth and development and as such governs the amount of time they need to complete a developmental cycle. Temperature and photoperiod thus induce changes in voltinism to fit a discrete number of generations into a growing season. Elsevier 2022-02-26 /pmc/articles/PMC9387441/ /pubmed/36003275 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cris.2022.100034 Text en © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
spellingShingle Research Article
Semsar-kazerouni, Maryam
Siepel, Henk
Verberk, Wilco C.E.P.
Influence of photoperiod on thermal responses in body size, growth and development in Lycaena phlaeas (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
title Influence of photoperiod on thermal responses in body size, growth and development in Lycaena phlaeas (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
title_full Influence of photoperiod on thermal responses in body size, growth and development in Lycaena phlaeas (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
title_fullStr Influence of photoperiod on thermal responses in body size, growth and development in Lycaena phlaeas (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
title_full_unstemmed Influence of photoperiod on thermal responses in body size, growth and development in Lycaena phlaeas (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
title_short Influence of photoperiod on thermal responses in body size, growth and development in Lycaena phlaeas (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
title_sort influence of photoperiod on thermal responses in body size, growth and development in lycaena phlaeas (lepidoptera: lycaenidae)
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9387441/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36003275
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cris.2022.100034
work_keys_str_mv AT semsarkazerounimaryam influenceofphotoperiodonthermalresponsesinbodysizegrowthanddevelopmentinlycaenaphlaeaslepidopteralycaenidae
AT siepelhenk influenceofphotoperiodonthermalresponsesinbodysizegrowthanddevelopmentinlycaenaphlaeaslepidopteralycaenidae
AT verberkwilcocep influenceofphotoperiodonthermalresponsesinbodysizegrowthanddevelopmentinlycaenaphlaeaslepidopteralycaenidae