Phase-based fast 3D high-resolution quantitative T(2) MRI in 7 T human brain imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful and versatile technique that offers a range of physiological, diagnostic, structural, and functional measurements. One of the most widely used basic contrasts in MRI diagnostics is transverse relaxation time (T(2))-weighted imaging, but it provides only qualitative information. Realizing quantitative high-resolution T(2) mapping is imperative for the development of personalized medicine, as it can enable the characterization of diseases progression. While ultra-high-field (≥ 7 T) MRI offers the means to gain new insights by increasing the spatial resolution, implementing fast quantitative T(2) mapping cannot be achieved without overcoming the increased power deposition and radio frequency (RF) field inhomogeneity at ultra-high-fields. A recent study has demonstrated a new phase-based T(2) mapping approach based on fast steady-state acquisitions. We extend this new approach to ultra-high field MRI, achieving quantitative high-resolution 3D T(2) mapping at 7 T while addressing RF field inhomogeneity and utilizing low flip angle pulses; overcoming two main ultra-high field challenges. The method is based on controlling the coherent transverse magnetization in a steady-state gradient echo acquisition; achieved by utilizing low flip angles, a specific phase increment for the RF pulses, and short repetition times. This approach simultaneously extracts both T(2) and RF field maps from the phase of the signal. Prior to in vivo experiments, the method was assessed using a 3D head-shaped phantom that was designed to model the RF field distribution in the brain. Our approach delivers fast 3D whole brain images with submillimeter resolution without requiring special hardware, such as multi-channel transmit coil, thus promoting high usability of the ultra-high field MRI in clinical practice.