Association of Heparin-Like Effect, Factor VII/XIII Deficiency and Fibrinolysis with Rebleeding Risk in Cirrhosis with Acute Variceal Bleeding

BACKGROUND: Hyperfibrinolysis and coagulation dysfunction may occur in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleed (AVB) despite successful endotherapy. AIMS: To prospectively study the association of endogenous heparinoids and coagulation dysfunction with variceal rebleeding and outcome in cirrhosis. METHODS: Consecutive patients were assessed with conventional coagulation tests, SONOCLOT™ [(global(gb) and heparinase(h) treated] and factors VII, VIII, XIII, X, tissue plasminogen activator, and plasminogen activator inhibitor ELISA assays in a university hospital. Heparin-like-effect (HLE) was defined as ≥ 20% difference in paired gb/h-SONOCLOT™ traces for activated clotting time (ACT). RESULTS: Of 143 patients screened, 90 (46.4 ± 11.7 years, males 82.2%, ethanol-related 58.8%) were recruited, who bled from esophageal varices (81,90.0%), gastric varices (6,6.6%), or esophageal varices with portal hypertensive gastropathy (3,3.3%). Twenty (21.7%) had early rebleeding, mainly post-variceal ligation ulcer related (70%). Patients who rebled had low Factor XIII [1.6 (1.2–2.1) vs 2.4 ng/ml (2.0–2.8) P = 0.035] and Factor VII (94.1 ± 46.9 vs. 124.0 ± 50.4, P = 0.023). On receiver operating curve analysis, the gbACT > 252 s (sensitivity 86.8%, specificity 76.9%, P < 0.001), hACT > 215 s (sensitivity 71.1%, specificity 70.3%, P < 0.001), and HLE > 50% (sensitivity 69.5%, specificity 70.3%, P = 0.006) predicted rebleeding. Baseline Factor VIII (HR 1.26; 95% CI 1.17–1.34, P < 0.001), low factor VII (HR 0.89; 95% CI 0.76–0.98, P = 0.035), and lysis (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.17–1.33, P < 0.001) predicted mortality. Endogenous heparinoids at baseline predicted sepsis (HR 1.8; 95% CI 1.4–6.5; P = 0.022), rebleeding events (HR 1.2; 95% CI 1.1–6.3; P = 0.030), and mortality (HR 1.1; 95% CI 1.0–4.6; P = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS: Hyperfibrinolysis, Factor VII/XIII deficiency, and HLE are associated with rebleeding after AVB. Trial Registration NCT04111120 available from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04111120. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10620-022-07656-9.