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Premature delivery impacts the concentration of plasminogen activators and a plasminogen activator inhibitor and the plasmin activity in human milk

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Plasmin in human milk partially hydrolyzes milk proteins within the mammary gland and may enhance the hydrolysis of milk proteins within the infant’s stomach. This study examined the effects of extremely preterm (EP)-, very preterm (VP)-, and term-delivery on plasmin activity an...

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Autores principales: Demers-Mathieu, Veronique, Underwood, Mark A., Dallas, David C.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9396237/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36016873
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.917179
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author Demers-Mathieu, Veronique
Underwood, Mark A.
Dallas, David C.
author_facet Demers-Mathieu, Veronique
Underwood, Mark A.
Dallas, David C.
author_sort Demers-Mathieu, Veronique
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Plasmin in human milk partially hydrolyzes milk proteins within the mammary gland and may enhance the hydrolysis of milk proteins within the infant’s stomach. This study examined the effects of extremely preterm (EP)-, very preterm (VP)-, and term-delivery on plasmin activity and the concentrations of plasminogen activators [urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)], plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and the complexes of PAI-1/uPA and PAI-1/tPA in human milk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human milk samples were collected from mothers who delivered extremely preterm infants [24–27 weeks gestational age (GA), n = 20], very preterm infants (28–32 weeks GA, n = 12), and term infants (38–39 weeks GA, n = 8) during 2–72 days postnatally. Plasmin activity was determined using fluorometric substrate assay, whereas concentrations of uPA, tPA, PAI-1, the PAI-1/uPA complex and the PAI-1/tPA complex were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS: Plasmin activity, uPA and tPA were detected in all human milk samples, PAI-1 and the PAI-1/uPA complex were present in 42.5 and 32.5% of milk samples, respectively, and the PAI-1/tPA complex was not detected. Plasmin activity was correlated negatively with postnatal age and postmenstrual age (PMA) in the VP group and positively with postnatal age in the term group. uPA and tPA concentrations decreased with increasing postnatal age in both EP and VP groups but did not correlate in the term group. uPA concentration was correlated positively with GA in the VP group and tended to be elevated with increasing GA in the combined three groups. In contrast, tPA concentrations were correlated negatively with GA and PMA in the combined three groups (P < 0.008) and with PMA in the EP and VP groups. PAI-1 concentration tended to be correlated positively with postnatal age in the combined three groups. No correlation was detected with the PAI-1/uPA complex. CONCLUSION: Premature delivery impacted the plasmin activity and the concentrations of uPA, tPA, and PAI-1 in human milk. Whether these changes in milk plasminogen activators and inhibitors have a role in balancing the proteolytic digestion of premature infants remains to be investigated.
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spelling pubmed-93962372022-08-24 Premature delivery impacts the concentration of plasminogen activators and a plasminogen activator inhibitor and the plasmin activity in human milk Demers-Mathieu, Veronique Underwood, Mark A. Dallas, David C. Front Pediatr Pediatrics BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Plasmin in human milk partially hydrolyzes milk proteins within the mammary gland and may enhance the hydrolysis of milk proteins within the infant’s stomach. This study examined the effects of extremely preterm (EP)-, very preterm (VP)-, and term-delivery on plasmin activity and the concentrations of plasminogen activators [urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)], plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and the complexes of PAI-1/uPA and PAI-1/tPA in human milk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human milk samples were collected from mothers who delivered extremely preterm infants [24–27 weeks gestational age (GA), n = 20], very preterm infants (28–32 weeks GA, n = 12), and term infants (38–39 weeks GA, n = 8) during 2–72 days postnatally. Plasmin activity was determined using fluorometric substrate assay, whereas concentrations of uPA, tPA, PAI-1, the PAI-1/uPA complex and the PAI-1/tPA complex were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS: Plasmin activity, uPA and tPA were detected in all human milk samples, PAI-1 and the PAI-1/uPA complex were present in 42.5 and 32.5% of milk samples, respectively, and the PAI-1/tPA complex was not detected. Plasmin activity was correlated negatively with postnatal age and postmenstrual age (PMA) in the VP group and positively with postnatal age in the term group. uPA and tPA concentrations decreased with increasing postnatal age in both EP and VP groups but did not correlate in the term group. uPA concentration was correlated positively with GA in the VP group and tended to be elevated with increasing GA in the combined three groups. In contrast, tPA concentrations were correlated negatively with GA and PMA in the combined three groups (P < 0.008) and with PMA in the EP and VP groups. PAI-1 concentration tended to be correlated positively with postnatal age in the combined three groups. No correlation was detected with the PAI-1/uPA complex. CONCLUSION: Premature delivery impacted the plasmin activity and the concentrations of uPA, tPA, and PAI-1 in human milk. Whether these changes in milk plasminogen activators and inhibitors have a role in balancing the proteolytic digestion of premature infants remains to be investigated. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-08-09 /pmc/articles/PMC9396237/ /pubmed/36016873 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.917179 Text en Copyright © 2022 Demers-Mathieu, Underwood and Dallas. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Pediatrics
Demers-Mathieu, Veronique
Underwood, Mark A.
Dallas, David C.
Premature delivery impacts the concentration of plasminogen activators and a plasminogen activator inhibitor and the plasmin activity in human milk
title Premature delivery impacts the concentration of plasminogen activators and a plasminogen activator inhibitor and the plasmin activity in human milk
title_full Premature delivery impacts the concentration of plasminogen activators and a plasminogen activator inhibitor and the plasmin activity in human milk
title_fullStr Premature delivery impacts the concentration of plasminogen activators and a plasminogen activator inhibitor and the plasmin activity in human milk
title_full_unstemmed Premature delivery impacts the concentration of plasminogen activators and a plasminogen activator inhibitor and the plasmin activity in human milk
title_short Premature delivery impacts the concentration of plasminogen activators and a plasminogen activator inhibitor and the plasmin activity in human milk
title_sort premature delivery impacts the concentration of plasminogen activators and a plasminogen activator inhibitor and the plasmin activity in human milk
topic Pediatrics
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9396237/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36016873
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.917179
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