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Pathophysiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Superinfection in COVID-19 Patients
The global spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected humans in all age groups, deteriorated host immune responses, and caused millions of deaths. The reasons for individuals succumbing to COVID-19 were not...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9397082/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35997388 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology29030032 |
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author | Habib, Gul Mahmood, Khalid Gul, Haji Tariq, Muhammad Ain, Qurat Ul Hayat, Azam Rehman, Mujaddad Ur |
author_facet | Habib, Gul Mahmood, Khalid Gul, Haji Tariq, Muhammad Ain, Qurat Ul Hayat, Azam Rehman, Mujaddad Ur |
author_sort | Habib, Gul |
collection | PubMed |
description | The global spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected humans in all age groups, deteriorated host immune responses, and caused millions of deaths. The reasons for individuals succumbing to COVID-19 were not only the SARS-CoV-2 infection but also associated bacterial infections. Antibiotics were largely used to prevent bacterial infections during COVID-19 illness, and many bacteria became resistant to conventional antibiotics. Although COVID-19 was considered the main culprit behind the millions of deaths, bacterial coinfections and superinfections were the major factors that increased the mortality rate in hospitalized patients. In the present study, we assessed the pathophysiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) superinfection in COVID-19 patients in Pakistan. A total of 3492 COVID-19 hospitalized patients were screened among which 224 strain were resistant to methicillin; 110 strains were tazobactam-resistant; 53 strains were ciprofloxacin-resistant; 23 strains were gentamicin-resistant; 11 strains were azithromycin-resistant; 3 strains were vancomycin-resistant. A high frequency of MRSA was detected in patients aged ≥50 with a prevalence of 7.33%, followed by patients aged >65 with a prevalence of 5.48% and a 5.10% prevalence in patients aged <50. In addition, pneumonia was detected in the COVID-19-associated MRSA (COVID-MRSA) that showed decreased levels of lymphocytes and albumin and increased the mortality rate from 2.3% to 25.23%. Collectively, an MRSA superinfection was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 after 12 to 18 days of hospitalization. The study assessed the prevalence of MRSA, mortality rate, pneumonia, and the emergence of antibiotic resistance as the main outcomes. The study summarized that COVID-MRSA aggravated the treatment and recovery of patients and suggested testing MRSA as critical for hospitalized patients. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9397082 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93970822022-08-24 Pathophysiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Superinfection in COVID-19 Patients Habib, Gul Mahmood, Khalid Gul, Haji Tariq, Muhammad Ain, Qurat Ul Hayat, Azam Rehman, Mujaddad Ur Pathophysiology Article The global spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected humans in all age groups, deteriorated host immune responses, and caused millions of deaths. The reasons for individuals succumbing to COVID-19 were not only the SARS-CoV-2 infection but also associated bacterial infections. Antibiotics were largely used to prevent bacterial infections during COVID-19 illness, and many bacteria became resistant to conventional antibiotics. Although COVID-19 was considered the main culprit behind the millions of deaths, bacterial coinfections and superinfections were the major factors that increased the mortality rate in hospitalized patients. In the present study, we assessed the pathophysiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) superinfection in COVID-19 patients in Pakistan. A total of 3492 COVID-19 hospitalized patients were screened among which 224 strain were resistant to methicillin; 110 strains were tazobactam-resistant; 53 strains were ciprofloxacin-resistant; 23 strains were gentamicin-resistant; 11 strains were azithromycin-resistant; 3 strains were vancomycin-resistant. A high frequency of MRSA was detected in patients aged ≥50 with a prevalence of 7.33%, followed by patients aged >65 with a prevalence of 5.48% and a 5.10% prevalence in patients aged <50. In addition, pneumonia was detected in the COVID-19-associated MRSA (COVID-MRSA) that showed decreased levels of lymphocytes and albumin and increased the mortality rate from 2.3% to 25.23%. Collectively, an MRSA superinfection was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 after 12 to 18 days of hospitalization. The study assessed the prevalence of MRSA, mortality rate, pneumonia, and the emergence of antibiotic resistance as the main outcomes. The study summarized that COVID-MRSA aggravated the treatment and recovery of patients and suggested testing MRSA as critical for hospitalized patients. MDPI 2022-07-27 /pmc/articles/PMC9397082/ /pubmed/35997388 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology29030032 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Habib, Gul Mahmood, Khalid Gul, Haji Tariq, Muhammad Ain, Qurat Ul Hayat, Azam Rehman, Mujaddad Ur Pathophysiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Superinfection in COVID-19 Patients |
title | Pathophysiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Superinfection in COVID-19 Patients |
title_full | Pathophysiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Superinfection in COVID-19 Patients |
title_fullStr | Pathophysiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Superinfection in COVID-19 Patients |
title_full_unstemmed | Pathophysiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Superinfection in COVID-19 Patients |
title_short | Pathophysiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Superinfection in COVID-19 Patients |
title_sort | pathophysiology of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus superinfection in covid-19 patients |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9397082/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35997388 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology29030032 |
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