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Effect of Ambient Lights on the Accuracy of a 3-Dimensional Optical Scanner for Face Scans: An In Vitro Study
Most 3D scanners use optical technology that is impacted by lighting conditions, especially in triangulation with structured-light or laser techniques. However, the effect of ambient lights on the accuracy of the face scans remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of a...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Hindawi
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9400401/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36032545 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2637078 |
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author | Thongma-Eng, Punrit Amornvit, Pokpong Silthampitag, Patcharawan Rokaya, Dinesh Pisitanusorn, Attavit |
author_facet | Thongma-Eng, Punrit Amornvit, Pokpong Silthampitag, Patcharawan Rokaya, Dinesh Pisitanusorn, Attavit |
author_sort | Thongma-Eng, Punrit |
collection | PubMed |
description | Most 3D scanners use optical technology that is impacted by lighting conditions, especially in triangulation with structured-light or laser techniques. However, the effect of ambient lights on the accuracy of the face scans remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of ambient lights on the accuracy of the face scans obtained from the face scanner (EinScan Pro 2X Plus, Shining 3D Tech. Co., LTD., Hangzhou, China). A head model was designed in Rhinoceros 5 software (Rhino, Robert McNeel and Associates for Windows, Washington DC, USA) and printed with 200 micron resolution of polylactic acid and was dented with 2.0 mm of carbide bur to aid in superimposition in software. The head model was measured by a coordinate-measuring machine (CMM) to generate a reference stereolithography (STL) file as a control. The face model was scanned four times under nine light conditions: cool white (CW), warm white (WW), daylight (DL), natural light (NL), and illuminant (9w, 18w, 22w). Scan data were exported into an STL file. The scan STL files obtained were compared with the reference STL file by 3D inspection software (Geomagic Control X version 17, Geomagic, Morrisville, NC, USA). The deviations and root mean square errors (RMSEs) between the reference model (trueness) and within the group (precision) were selected for the statistical analysis. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20.0 (IBM Company, Chicago, USA). The trueness and precision were evaluated with the one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons using the Tukey method. For trueness, the scanner showed the lowest RMSE under the NL group (77.18 ± 3.22) and the highest RMSE under the 18w-DL group (95.33 ± 6.89). There was a statistically significant difference between the NL group and the 18w-DL group (p < 0.05) for trueness. Similarly, for precision, the scanner showed the lowest RMSE under the NL group (56.92 ± 4.56) and the highest RMSE under the 9w-CW group (78.52 ± 10.61). There was statistically significant difference between NL, 18w-WW, 18w-CW, 18w-DL, 22w-WW, 22w-DL, 9w-CW, 9w-WW, and 9w-DL (p < 0.05) for the precision. Ambient lights affected the face scans. Under the natural light condition, the face scanner had the best accuracy in terms of both trueness and precision. The 18w-DL and 9w-WW conditions showed the least trueness whereasthe 9w-CW and 9w-DL conditions showed the least precision. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9400401 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Hindawi |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-94004012022-08-25 Effect of Ambient Lights on the Accuracy of a 3-Dimensional Optical Scanner for Face Scans: An In Vitro Study Thongma-Eng, Punrit Amornvit, Pokpong Silthampitag, Patcharawan Rokaya, Dinesh Pisitanusorn, Attavit J Healthc Eng Research Article Most 3D scanners use optical technology that is impacted by lighting conditions, especially in triangulation with structured-light or laser techniques. However, the effect of ambient lights on the accuracy of the face scans remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of ambient lights on the accuracy of the face scans obtained from the face scanner (EinScan Pro 2X Plus, Shining 3D Tech. Co., LTD., Hangzhou, China). A head model was designed in Rhinoceros 5 software (Rhino, Robert McNeel and Associates for Windows, Washington DC, USA) and printed with 200 micron resolution of polylactic acid and was dented with 2.0 mm of carbide bur to aid in superimposition in software. The head model was measured by a coordinate-measuring machine (CMM) to generate a reference stereolithography (STL) file as a control. The face model was scanned four times under nine light conditions: cool white (CW), warm white (WW), daylight (DL), natural light (NL), and illuminant (9w, 18w, 22w). Scan data were exported into an STL file. The scan STL files obtained were compared with the reference STL file by 3D inspection software (Geomagic Control X version 17, Geomagic, Morrisville, NC, USA). The deviations and root mean square errors (RMSEs) between the reference model (trueness) and within the group (precision) were selected for the statistical analysis. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20.0 (IBM Company, Chicago, USA). The trueness and precision were evaluated with the one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons using the Tukey method. For trueness, the scanner showed the lowest RMSE under the NL group (77.18 ± 3.22) and the highest RMSE under the 18w-DL group (95.33 ± 6.89). There was a statistically significant difference between the NL group and the 18w-DL group (p < 0.05) for trueness. Similarly, for precision, the scanner showed the lowest RMSE under the NL group (56.92 ± 4.56) and the highest RMSE under the 9w-CW group (78.52 ± 10.61). There was statistically significant difference between NL, 18w-WW, 18w-CW, 18w-DL, 22w-WW, 22w-DL, 9w-CW, 9w-WW, and 9w-DL (p < 0.05) for the precision. Ambient lights affected the face scans. Under the natural light condition, the face scanner had the best accuracy in terms of both trueness and precision. The 18w-DL and 9w-WW conditions showed the least trueness whereasthe 9w-CW and 9w-DL conditions showed the least precision. Hindawi 2022-08-05 /pmc/articles/PMC9400401/ /pubmed/36032545 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2637078 Text en Copyright © 2022 Punrit Thongma-Eng et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Thongma-Eng, Punrit Amornvit, Pokpong Silthampitag, Patcharawan Rokaya, Dinesh Pisitanusorn, Attavit Effect of Ambient Lights on the Accuracy of a 3-Dimensional Optical Scanner for Face Scans: An In Vitro Study |
title | Effect of Ambient Lights on the Accuracy of a 3-Dimensional Optical Scanner for Face Scans: An In Vitro Study |
title_full | Effect of Ambient Lights on the Accuracy of a 3-Dimensional Optical Scanner for Face Scans: An In Vitro Study |
title_fullStr | Effect of Ambient Lights on the Accuracy of a 3-Dimensional Optical Scanner for Face Scans: An In Vitro Study |
title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Ambient Lights on the Accuracy of a 3-Dimensional Optical Scanner for Face Scans: An In Vitro Study |
title_short | Effect of Ambient Lights on the Accuracy of a 3-Dimensional Optical Scanner for Face Scans: An In Vitro Study |
title_sort | effect of ambient lights on the accuracy of a 3-dimensional optical scanner for face scans: an in vitro study |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9400401/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36032545 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2637078 |
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