Baseline IgG-Fc N-glycosylation profile is associated with long-term outcome in a cohort of early inflammatory arthritis patients

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease for which prediction of long-term prognosis from disease’s outset is not clinically feasible. The importance of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and its Fc N-glycosylation in inflammation is well-known and studies described its relevance for several autoimmune diseases, including RA. Herein we assessed the association between IgG N-glycoforms and disease prognosis at 2 years in an early inflammatory arthritis cohort. METHODS: Sera from 118 patients with early inflammatory arthritis naïve to treatment sampled at baseline were used to obtain IgG Fc glycopeptides, which were then analyzed in a subclass-specific manner by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Patients were prospectively followed and a favorable prognosis at 2 years was assessed by a combined index as remission or low disease activity (DAS28 < 3.2) and normal functionality (HAQ ≤ 0.25) while on treatment with conventional synthetic DMARDs and never used biologic DMARDs. RESULTS: We observed a significant association between high levels of IgG2/3 Fc galactosylation (effect 0.627 and adjusted p value 0.036 for the fully galactosylated glycoform H5N4F1; effect −0.551 and adjusted p value 0.04963 for the agalactosylated H3N4F1) and favorable outcome after 2 years of treatment. The inclusion of IgG glycoprofiling in a multivariate analysis to predict the outcome (with HAQ, DAS28, RF, and ACPA included in the model) did not improve the prognostic performance of the model. CONCLUSION: Pending confirmation of these findings in larger cohorts, IgG glycosylation levels could be used as a prognostic marker in early arthritis, to overcome the limitations of the current prognostic tools. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-022-02897-5.