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Racial residential segregation shapes the relationship between early childhood lead exposure and fourth-grade standardized test scores
Racial/ethnic disparities in academic performance may result from a confluence of adverse exposures that arise from structural racism and accrue to specific subpopulations. This study investigates childhood lead exposure, racial residential segregation, and early educational outcomes. Geocoded North...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
National Academy of Sciences
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9407651/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35969764 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117868119 |
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author | Bravo, Mercedes A. Zephyr, Dominique Kowal, Daniel Ensor, Katherine Miranda, Marie Lynn |
author_facet | Bravo, Mercedes A. Zephyr, Dominique Kowal, Daniel Ensor, Katherine Miranda, Marie Lynn |
author_sort | Bravo, Mercedes A. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Racial/ethnic disparities in academic performance may result from a confluence of adverse exposures that arise from structural racism and accrue to specific subpopulations. This study investigates childhood lead exposure, racial residential segregation, and early educational outcomes. Geocoded North Carolina birth data is linked to blood lead surveillance data and fourth-grade standardized test scores (n = 25,699). We constructed a census tract-level measure of racial isolation (RI) of the non-Hispanic Black (NHB) population. We fit generalized additive models of reading and mathematics test scores regressed on individual-level blood lead level (BLL) and neighborhood RI of NHB (RINHB). Models included an interaction term between BLL and RINHB. BLL and RINHB were associated with lower reading scores; among NHB children, an interaction was observed between BLL and RINHB. Reading scores for NHB children with BLLs of 1 to 3 µg/dL were similar across the range of RINHB values. For NHB children with BLLs of 4 µg/dL, reading scores were similar to those of NHB children with BLLs of 1 to 3 µg/dL at lower RINHB values (less racial isolation/segregation). At higher RINHB levels (greater racial isolation/segregation), children with BLLs of 4 µg/dL had lower reading scores than children with BLLs of 1 to 3 µg/dL. This pattern becomes more marked at higher BLLs. Higher BLL was associated with lower mathematics test scores among NHB and non-Hispanic White (NHW) children, but there was no evidence of an interaction. In conclusion, NHB children with high BLLs residing in high RINHB neighborhoods had worse reading scores. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9407651 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | National Academy of Sciences |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-94076512022-08-26 Racial residential segregation shapes the relationship between early childhood lead exposure and fourth-grade standardized test scores Bravo, Mercedes A. Zephyr, Dominique Kowal, Daniel Ensor, Katherine Miranda, Marie Lynn Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Physical Sciences Racial/ethnic disparities in academic performance may result from a confluence of adverse exposures that arise from structural racism and accrue to specific subpopulations. This study investigates childhood lead exposure, racial residential segregation, and early educational outcomes. Geocoded North Carolina birth data is linked to blood lead surveillance data and fourth-grade standardized test scores (n = 25,699). We constructed a census tract-level measure of racial isolation (RI) of the non-Hispanic Black (NHB) population. We fit generalized additive models of reading and mathematics test scores regressed on individual-level blood lead level (BLL) and neighborhood RI of NHB (RINHB). Models included an interaction term between BLL and RINHB. BLL and RINHB were associated with lower reading scores; among NHB children, an interaction was observed between BLL and RINHB. Reading scores for NHB children with BLLs of 1 to 3 µg/dL were similar across the range of RINHB values. For NHB children with BLLs of 4 µg/dL, reading scores were similar to those of NHB children with BLLs of 1 to 3 µg/dL at lower RINHB values (less racial isolation/segregation). At higher RINHB levels (greater racial isolation/segregation), children with BLLs of 4 µg/dL had lower reading scores than children with BLLs of 1 to 3 µg/dL. This pattern becomes more marked at higher BLLs. Higher BLL was associated with lower mathematics test scores among NHB and non-Hispanic White (NHW) children, but there was no evidence of an interaction. In conclusion, NHB children with high BLLs residing in high RINHB neighborhoods had worse reading scores. National Academy of Sciences 2022-08-15 2022-08-23 /pmc/articles/PMC9407651/ /pubmed/35969764 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117868119 Text en Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Physical Sciences Bravo, Mercedes A. Zephyr, Dominique Kowal, Daniel Ensor, Katherine Miranda, Marie Lynn Racial residential segregation shapes the relationship between early childhood lead exposure and fourth-grade standardized test scores |
title | Racial residential segregation shapes the relationship between early childhood lead exposure and fourth-grade standardized test scores |
title_full | Racial residential segregation shapes the relationship between early childhood lead exposure and fourth-grade standardized test scores |
title_fullStr | Racial residential segregation shapes the relationship between early childhood lead exposure and fourth-grade standardized test scores |
title_full_unstemmed | Racial residential segregation shapes the relationship between early childhood lead exposure and fourth-grade standardized test scores |
title_short | Racial residential segregation shapes the relationship between early childhood lead exposure and fourth-grade standardized test scores |
title_sort | racial residential segregation shapes the relationship between early childhood lead exposure and fourth-grade standardized test scores |
topic | Physical Sciences |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9407651/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35969764 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117868119 |
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