Cardiac Diffusion Tensor Biomarkers of Chronic Infarction Based on In Vivo Data

In vivo cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (cDTI) data were acquired in swine subjects six to ten weeks post-myocardial infarction (MI) to identify microstructural-based biomarkers of MI. Diffusion tensor invariants, diffusion tensor eigenvalues, and radial diffusivity (RD) are evaluated in the infarct, border, and remote myocardium, and compared with extracellular volume fraction (ECV) and native T1 values. Additionally, to aid the interpretation of the experimental results, the diffusion of water molecules was numerically simulated as a function of ECV. Finally, findings based on in vivo measures were confirmed using higher-resolution and higher signal-to-noise data acquired ex vivo in the same subjects. Mean diffusivity, diffusion tensor eigenvalues, and RD increased in the infarct and border regions compared to remote myocardium, while fractional anisotropy decreased. Secondary (e(2)) and tertiary (e(3)) eigenvalues increased more significantly than the primary eigenvalue in the infarct and border regions. These findings were confirmed by the diffusion simulations. Although ECV presented the largest increase in infarct and border regions, e(2), e(3), and RD increased the most among non-contrast-based biomarkers. RD is of special interest as it summarizes the changes occurring in the radial direction and may be more robust than e(2) or e(3) alone.