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Looking into the Eyes—In Vitro Models for Ocular Research
Animal research undoubtedly provides scientists with virtually unlimited data but inflicts pain and suffering on animals. Currently, legislators and scientists alike are promoting alternative in vitro approaches allowing for an accurate evaluation of processes occurring in the body without animal sa...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9409455/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36012421 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169158 |
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author | Lieto, Krystyna Skopek, Rafał Lewicka, Aneta Stelmasiak, Marta Klimaszewska, Emilia Zelent, Arthur Szymański, Łukasz Lewicki, Sławomir |
author_facet | Lieto, Krystyna Skopek, Rafał Lewicka, Aneta Stelmasiak, Marta Klimaszewska, Emilia Zelent, Arthur Szymański, Łukasz Lewicki, Sławomir |
author_sort | Lieto, Krystyna |
collection | PubMed |
description | Animal research undoubtedly provides scientists with virtually unlimited data but inflicts pain and suffering on animals. Currently, legislators and scientists alike are promoting alternative in vitro approaches allowing for an accurate evaluation of processes occurring in the body without animal sacrifice. Historically, one of the most infamous animal tests is the Draize test, mainly performed on rabbits. Even though this test was considered the gold standard for around 50 years, the Draize test fails to mimic human response mainly due to human and rabbit eye physiological differences. Therefore, many alternative assays were developed to evaluate ocular toxicity and drug effectiveness accurately. Here we review recent achievements in tissue engineering of in vitro 2D, 2.5D, 3D, organoid and organ-on-chip ocular models, as well as in vivo and ex vivo models in terms of their advantages and limitations. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9409455 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-94094552022-08-26 Looking into the Eyes—In Vitro Models for Ocular Research Lieto, Krystyna Skopek, Rafał Lewicka, Aneta Stelmasiak, Marta Klimaszewska, Emilia Zelent, Arthur Szymański, Łukasz Lewicki, Sławomir Int J Mol Sci Review Animal research undoubtedly provides scientists with virtually unlimited data but inflicts pain and suffering on animals. Currently, legislators and scientists alike are promoting alternative in vitro approaches allowing for an accurate evaluation of processes occurring in the body without animal sacrifice. Historically, one of the most infamous animal tests is the Draize test, mainly performed on rabbits. Even though this test was considered the gold standard for around 50 years, the Draize test fails to mimic human response mainly due to human and rabbit eye physiological differences. Therefore, many alternative assays were developed to evaluate ocular toxicity and drug effectiveness accurately. Here we review recent achievements in tissue engineering of in vitro 2D, 2.5D, 3D, organoid and organ-on-chip ocular models, as well as in vivo and ex vivo models in terms of their advantages and limitations. MDPI 2022-08-15 /pmc/articles/PMC9409455/ /pubmed/36012421 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169158 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Lieto, Krystyna Skopek, Rafał Lewicka, Aneta Stelmasiak, Marta Klimaszewska, Emilia Zelent, Arthur Szymański, Łukasz Lewicki, Sławomir Looking into the Eyes—In Vitro Models for Ocular Research |
title | Looking into the Eyes—In Vitro Models for Ocular Research |
title_full | Looking into the Eyes—In Vitro Models for Ocular Research |
title_fullStr | Looking into the Eyes—In Vitro Models for Ocular Research |
title_full_unstemmed | Looking into the Eyes—In Vitro Models for Ocular Research |
title_short | Looking into the Eyes—In Vitro Models for Ocular Research |
title_sort | looking into the eyes—in vitro models for ocular research |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9409455/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36012421 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169158 |
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