Characterization of the Fungal Community in Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus through DNA Metabarcoding

Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus (FCB) is a well-known and precious traditional Chinese medicine with a medicinal history spanning thousands of years. In recent years, it has been reported that fungal and mycotoxin contamination influenced the safety and quality of FCB. It is essential to systematically study the fungal community for the early warning of fungal and mycotoxin contamination in this herb. A total of 15 FCB samples were collected from five provinces in China, and the fungal communities in the FCB samples were analyzed via amplifying the internal transcribed spacer 2 region through the Illumina Miseq PE300 platform. Furthermore, we compared the differences in fungal community in five groups based on collection areas. Results showed that Ascomycota (41.58–99.66%) and Mucoromycota (0–57.42%) were dominant at the phylum level. Eurotiomycetes (8.49–63.93%), Eurotiales (8.49–63.53%), and Aspergillaceae (8.49–63.51%) were the most abundant at the class, order, and family levels. Aspergillus (8.49–63.41%), Rhizopus (0–57.42%), Fusarium (0–22.81%), Cladosporium (0.16–9.14%), and Alternaria (0.06–17.95%) were the main genera in FCB samples. A total of 34 fungal taxa were identified at the species level, including five potentially toxigenic fungi namely Penicillium brevicompactum, P. citrinum, P. oxalicum, Trichothecium roseum, and Aspergillus restrictus. The differences in fungal community between the five groups were observed. Our findings provide references for the safe utilization and quality improvement of FCB.