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The regulation of the cell wall by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in Arabidopsis
A polysaccharides-based cell wall covers the plant cell, shaping it and protecting it from the harsh environment. Cellulose microfibrils constitute the cell wall backbone and are embedded in a matrix of pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides and glycoproteins. Various environmental and developmen...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9412048/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36036018 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2022.904714 |
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author | Zhou, Ke |
author_facet | Zhou, Ke |
author_sort | Zhou, Ke |
collection | PubMed |
description | A polysaccharides-based cell wall covers the plant cell, shaping it and protecting it from the harsh environment. Cellulose microfibrils constitute the cell wall backbone and are embedded in a matrix of pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides and glycoproteins. Various environmental and developmental cues can regulate the plant cell wall, and diverse glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins participate in these regulations. GPI is a common lipid modification on eukaryotic proteins, which covalently tethers the proteins to the membrane lipid bilayer. Catalyzed by a series of enzymic complexes, protein precursors are post-translationally modified at their hydrophobic carboxyl-terminus in the endomembrane system and anchored to the lipid bilayer through an oligosaccharidic GPI modification. Ultimately, mature proteins reach the plasma membrane via the secretory pathway facing toward the apoplast and cell wall in plants. In Arabidopsis, more than three hundred GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) have been predicted, and many are reported to be involved in diverse regulations of the cell wall. In this review, we summarize GPI-APs involved in cell wall regulation. GPI-APs are proposed to act as structural components of the cell wall, organize cellulose microfibrils at the cell surface, and during cell wall integrity signaling transduction. Besides regulating protein trafficking, the GPI modification is potentially governed by a GPI shedding system that cleaves and releases the GPI-anchored proteins from the plasma membrane into the cell wall. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9412048 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-94120482022-08-27 The regulation of the cell wall by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in Arabidopsis Zhou, Ke Front Cell Dev Biol Cell and Developmental Biology A polysaccharides-based cell wall covers the plant cell, shaping it and protecting it from the harsh environment. Cellulose microfibrils constitute the cell wall backbone and are embedded in a matrix of pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides and glycoproteins. Various environmental and developmental cues can regulate the plant cell wall, and diverse glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins participate in these regulations. GPI is a common lipid modification on eukaryotic proteins, which covalently tethers the proteins to the membrane lipid bilayer. Catalyzed by a series of enzymic complexes, protein precursors are post-translationally modified at their hydrophobic carboxyl-terminus in the endomembrane system and anchored to the lipid bilayer through an oligosaccharidic GPI modification. Ultimately, mature proteins reach the plasma membrane via the secretory pathway facing toward the apoplast and cell wall in plants. In Arabidopsis, more than three hundred GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) have been predicted, and many are reported to be involved in diverse regulations of the cell wall. In this review, we summarize GPI-APs involved in cell wall regulation. GPI-APs are proposed to act as structural components of the cell wall, organize cellulose microfibrils at the cell surface, and during cell wall integrity signaling transduction. Besides regulating protein trafficking, the GPI modification is potentially governed by a GPI shedding system that cleaves and releases the GPI-anchored proteins from the plasma membrane into the cell wall. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-08-12 /pmc/articles/PMC9412048/ /pubmed/36036018 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2022.904714 Text en Copyright © 2022 Zhou. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Cell and Developmental Biology Zhou, Ke The regulation of the cell wall by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in Arabidopsis |
title | The regulation of the cell wall by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in Arabidopsis
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title_full | The regulation of the cell wall by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in Arabidopsis
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title_fullStr | The regulation of the cell wall by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in Arabidopsis
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title_full_unstemmed | The regulation of the cell wall by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in Arabidopsis
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title_short | The regulation of the cell wall by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in Arabidopsis
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title_sort | regulation of the cell wall by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in arabidopsis |
topic | Cell and Developmental Biology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9412048/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36036018 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2022.904714 |
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