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Protein-Based Adjuvants for Vaccines as Immunomodulators of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Opportunities

New-generation vaccines, formulated with subunits or nucleic acids, are less immunogenic than classical vaccines formulated with live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens. This difference has led to an intensified search for additional potent vaccine adjuvants that meet safety and efficacy criteria a...

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Autores principales: Díaz-Dinamarca, Diego A., Salazar, Michelle L., Castillo, Byron N., Manubens, Augusto, Vasquez, Abel E., Salazar, Fabián, Becker, María Inés
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9414397/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36015297
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081671
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author Díaz-Dinamarca, Diego A.
Salazar, Michelle L.
Castillo, Byron N.
Manubens, Augusto
Vasquez, Abel E.
Salazar, Fabián
Becker, María Inés
author_facet Díaz-Dinamarca, Diego A.
Salazar, Michelle L.
Castillo, Byron N.
Manubens, Augusto
Vasquez, Abel E.
Salazar, Fabián
Becker, María Inés
author_sort Díaz-Dinamarca, Diego A.
collection PubMed
description New-generation vaccines, formulated with subunits or nucleic acids, are less immunogenic than classical vaccines formulated with live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens. This difference has led to an intensified search for additional potent vaccine adjuvants that meet safety and efficacy criteria and confer long-term protection. This review provides an overview of protein-based adjuvants (PBAs) obtained from different organisms, including bacteria, mollusks, plants, and humans. Notably, despite structural differences, all PBAs show significant immunostimulatory properties, eliciting B-cell- and T-cell-mediated immune responses to administered antigens, providing advantages over many currently adopted adjuvant approaches. Furthermore, PBAs are natural biocompatible and biodegradable substances that induce minimal reactogenicity and toxicity and interact with innate immune receptors, enhancing their endocytosis and modulating subsequent adaptive immune responses. We propose that PBAs can contribute to the development of vaccines against complex pathogens, including intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, those with complex life cycles such as Plasmodium falciparum, those that induce host immune dysfunction such as HIV, those that target immunocompromised individuals such as fungi, those with a latent disease phase such as Herpes, those that are antigenically variable such as SARS-CoV-2 and those that undergo continuous evolution, to reduce the likelihood of outbreaks.
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spelling pubmed-94143972022-08-27 Protein-Based Adjuvants for Vaccines as Immunomodulators of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Opportunities Díaz-Dinamarca, Diego A. Salazar, Michelle L. Castillo, Byron N. Manubens, Augusto Vasquez, Abel E. Salazar, Fabián Becker, María Inés Pharmaceutics Review New-generation vaccines, formulated with subunits or nucleic acids, are less immunogenic than classical vaccines formulated with live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens. This difference has led to an intensified search for additional potent vaccine adjuvants that meet safety and efficacy criteria and confer long-term protection. This review provides an overview of protein-based adjuvants (PBAs) obtained from different organisms, including bacteria, mollusks, plants, and humans. Notably, despite structural differences, all PBAs show significant immunostimulatory properties, eliciting B-cell- and T-cell-mediated immune responses to administered antigens, providing advantages over many currently adopted adjuvant approaches. Furthermore, PBAs are natural biocompatible and biodegradable substances that induce minimal reactogenicity and toxicity and interact with innate immune receptors, enhancing their endocytosis and modulating subsequent adaptive immune responses. We propose that PBAs can contribute to the development of vaccines against complex pathogens, including intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, those with complex life cycles such as Plasmodium falciparum, those that induce host immune dysfunction such as HIV, those that target immunocompromised individuals such as fungi, those with a latent disease phase such as Herpes, those that are antigenically variable such as SARS-CoV-2 and those that undergo continuous evolution, to reduce the likelihood of outbreaks. MDPI 2022-08-11 /pmc/articles/PMC9414397/ /pubmed/36015297 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081671 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Díaz-Dinamarca, Diego A.
Salazar, Michelle L.
Castillo, Byron N.
Manubens, Augusto
Vasquez, Abel E.
Salazar, Fabián
Becker, María Inés
Protein-Based Adjuvants for Vaccines as Immunomodulators of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Opportunities
title Protein-Based Adjuvants for Vaccines as Immunomodulators of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Opportunities
title_full Protein-Based Adjuvants for Vaccines as Immunomodulators of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Opportunities
title_fullStr Protein-Based Adjuvants for Vaccines as Immunomodulators of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Opportunities
title_full_unstemmed Protein-Based Adjuvants for Vaccines as Immunomodulators of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Opportunities
title_short Protein-Based Adjuvants for Vaccines as Immunomodulators of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Opportunities
title_sort protein-based adjuvants for vaccines as immunomodulators of the innate and adaptive immune response: current knowledge, challenges, and future opportunities
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9414397/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36015297
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081671
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