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Activity of Apo-Lactoferrin on Pathogenic Protozoa
Parasites and other eventually pathogenic organisms require the ability to adapt to different environmental conditions inside the host to assure survival. Some host proteins have evolved as defense constituents, such as lactoferrin (Lf), which is part of the innate immune system. Lf in its iron-free...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9414845/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36015327 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081702 |
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author | Reyes-López, Magda Ramírez-Rico, Gerardo Serrano-Luna, Jesús de la Garza, Mireya |
author_facet | Reyes-López, Magda Ramírez-Rico, Gerardo Serrano-Luna, Jesús de la Garza, Mireya |
author_sort | Reyes-López, Magda |
collection | PubMed |
description | Parasites and other eventually pathogenic organisms require the ability to adapt to different environmental conditions inside the host to assure survival. Some host proteins have evolved as defense constituents, such as lactoferrin (Lf), which is part of the innate immune system. Lf in its iron-free form (apo-Lf) and its peptides obtained by cleavage with pepsin are microbicides. Parasites confront Lf in mucosae and blood. In this work, the activity of Lf against pathogenic and opportunistic parasites such as Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia duodenalis, Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., Plasmodium spp., Babesia spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas spp., and the free-living but opportunistic pathogens Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba castellani were reviewed. The major effects of Lf could be the inhibition produced by sequestering the iron needed for their survival and the production of oxygen-free radicals to more complicated mechanisms, such as the activation of macrophages to phagocytes with the posterior death of those parasites. Due to the great interest in Lf in the fight against pathogens, it is necessary to understand the exact mechanisms used by this protein to affect their virulence factors and to kill them. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9414845 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-94148452022-08-27 Activity of Apo-Lactoferrin on Pathogenic Protozoa Reyes-López, Magda Ramírez-Rico, Gerardo Serrano-Luna, Jesús de la Garza, Mireya Pharmaceutics Review Parasites and other eventually pathogenic organisms require the ability to adapt to different environmental conditions inside the host to assure survival. Some host proteins have evolved as defense constituents, such as lactoferrin (Lf), which is part of the innate immune system. Lf in its iron-free form (apo-Lf) and its peptides obtained by cleavage with pepsin are microbicides. Parasites confront Lf in mucosae and blood. In this work, the activity of Lf against pathogenic and opportunistic parasites such as Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia duodenalis, Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., Plasmodium spp., Babesia spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas spp., and the free-living but opportunistic pathogens Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba castellani were reviewed. The major effects of Lf could be the inhibition produced by sequestering the iron needed for their survival and the production of oxygen-free radicals to more complicated mechanisms, such as the activation of macrophages to phagocytes with the posterior death of those parasites. Due to the great interest in Lf in the fight against pathogens, it is necessary to understand the exact mechanisms used by this protein to affect their virulence factors and to kill them. MDPI 2022-08-15 /pmc/articles/PMC9414845/ /pubmed/36015327 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081702 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Reyes-López, Magda Ramírez-Rico, Gerardo Serrano-Luna, Jesús de la Garza, Mireya Activity of Apo-Lactoferrin on Pathogenic Protozoa |
title | Activity of Apo-Lactoferrin on Pathogenic Protozoa |
title_full | Activity of Apo-Lactoferrin on Pathogenic Protozoa |
title_fullStr | Activity of Apo-Lactoferrin on Pathogenic Protozoa |
title_full_unstemmed | Activity of Apo-Lactoferrin on Pathogenic Protozoa |
title_short | Activity of Apo-Lactoferrin on Pathogenic Protozoa |
title_sort | activity of apo-lactoferrin on pathogenic protozoa |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9414845/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36015327 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081702 |
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