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Non-Invasive Sampling in the Aspect of African Swine Fever Detection—A Risk to Accurate Diagnosis

African swine fever remains one of the most economically important and dangerous diseases of the Suidae family. Until now, neither a safe vaccine nor a treatment against ASF has been available, which is why prevention of the disease involves biosecurity measures and early recognition based on accura...

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Autores principales: Walczak, Marek, Szczotka-Bochniarz, Anna, Żmudzki, Jacek, Juszkiewicz, Małgorzata, Szymankiewicz, Krzesimir, Niemczuk, Krzysztof, Pérez-Núñez, Daniel, Liu, Lihong, Revilla, Yolanda
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9416727/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36016380
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14081756
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author Walczak, Marek
Szczotka-Bochniarz, Anna
Żmudzki, Jacek
Juszkiewicz, Małgorzata
Szymankiewicz, Krzesimir
Niemczuk, Krzysztof
Pérez-Núñez, Daniel
Liu, Lihong
Revilla, Yolanda
author_facet Walczak, Marek
Szczotka-Bochniarz, Anna
Żmudzki, Jacek
Juszkiewicz, Małgorzata
Szymankiewicz, Krzesimir
Niemczuk, Krzysztof
Pérez-Núñez, Daniel
Liu, Lihong
Revilla, Yolanda
author_sort Walczak, Marek
collection PubMed
description African swine fever remains one of the most economically important and dangerous diseases of the Suidae family. Until now, neither a safe vaccine nor a treatment against ASF has been available, which is why prevention of the disease involves biosecurity measures and early recognition based on accurate diagnosis. Nowadays, different strategies for ASF detection are discussed to reduce both animal suffering and the costs of ASF surveillance. This article aims to indicate the risk, with regard to non-invasive sampling, for the detection of ASFV. In this study, we analyzed data from three independent animal trials, in the framework of the detection of positive samples in different matrices (blood, sera, oral and rectal swabs) collected from nineteen domestic pigs infected with similar doses but under different scenarios, including different ASFV strains or routes of infection. Genetic material of ASFV was found in all matrices, but detection occurred earlier in the blood samples than in the oral and the rectal swabs. Furthermore, analyses revealed that at relevant sampling timepoints, PCR-positive blood samples were detected more frequently and reached higher percentages (up to 100% during fever) than oral and rectal swabs. Moreover, mean Ct values in blood samples collected from animals infected with virulent strains were significantly lower than in oral and rectal swabs, ensuring a higher probability of ASFV detection. High Ct values and occasional shedding in all tested matrices, in the cases of animals infected by an attenuated ASFV-strain, showed that blood sampling may be necessary to confirm the presence of anti-ASFV antibodies in sera. This study showed that during veterinary surveillance, blood sampling (for both PCR and serological analyses) is essential for the accurate diagnosis of ASF and provides the highest probability of detection of the disease.
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spelling pubmed-94167272022-08-27 Non-Invasive Sampling in the Aspect of African Swine Fever Detection—A Risk to Accurate Diagnosis Walczak, Marek Szczotka-Bochniarz, Anna Żmudzki, Jacek Juszkiewicz, Małgorzata Szymankiewicz, Krzesimir Niemczuk, Krzysztof Pérez-Núñez, Daniel Liu, Lihong Revilla, Yolanda Viruses Article African swine fever remains one of the most economically important and dangerous diseases of the Suidae family. Until now, neither a safe vaccine nor a treatment against ASF has been available, which is why prevention of the disease involves biosecurity measures and early recognition based on accurate diagnosis. Nowadays, different strategies for ASF detection are discussed to reduce both animal suffering and the costs of ASF surveillance. This article aims to indicate the risk, with regard to non-invasive sampling, for the detection of ASFV. In this study, we analyzed data from three independent animal trials, in the framework of the detection of positive samples in different matrices (blood, sera, oral and rectal swabs) collected from nineteen domestic pigs infected with similar doses but under different scenarios, including different ASFV strains or routes of infection. Genetic material of ASFV was found in all matrices, but detection occurred earlier in the blood samples than in the oral and the rectal swabs. Furthermore, analyses revealed that at relevant sampling timepoints, PCR-positive blood samples were detected more frequently and reached higher percentages (up to 100% during fever) than oral and rectal swabs. Moreover, mean Ct values in blood samples collected from animals infected with virulent strains were significantly lower than in oral and rectal swabs, ensuring a higher probability of ASFV detection. High Ct values and occasional shedding in all tested matrices, in the cases of animals infected by an attenuated ASFV-strain, showed that blood sampling may be necessary to confirm the presence of anti-ASFV antibodies in sera. This study showed that during veterinary surveillance, blood sampling (for both PCR and serological analyses) is essential for the accurate diagnosis of ASF and provides the highest probability of detection of the disease. MDPI 2022-08-11 /pmc/articles/PMC9416727/ /pubmed/36016380 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14081756 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Walczak, Marek
Szczotka-Bochniarz, Anna
Żmudzki, Jacek
Juszkiewicz, Małgorzata
Szymankiewicz, Krzesimir
Niemczuk, Krzysztof
Pérez-Núñez, Daniel
Liu, Lihong
Revilla, Yolanda
Non-Invasive Sampling in the Aspect of African Swine Fever Detection—A Risk to Accurate Diagnosis
title Non-Invasive Sampling in the Aspect of African Swine Fever Detection—A Risk to Accurate Diagnosis
title_full Non-Invasive Sampling in the Aspect of African Swine Fever Detection—A Risk to Accurate Diagnosis
title_fullStr Non-Invasive Sampling in the Aspect of African Swine Fever Detection—A Risk to Accurate Diagnosis
title_full_unstemmed Non-Invasive Sampling in the Aspect of African Swine Fever Detection—A Risk to Accurate Diagnosis
title_short Non-Invasive Sampling in the Aspect of African Swine Fever Detection—A Risk to Accurate Diagnosis
title_sort non-invasive sampling in the aspect of african swine fever detection—a risk to accurate diagnosis
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9416727/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36016380
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14081756
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