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The Effectiveness of Pap and Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid (VIAA) Tests in Cervical Dysplasia Screenings During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Objective This study was aimed at analyzing the validity and reliability of the Papanicolaou (Pap) test and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIAA) tests for cervical dysplasia screenings during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods This was a retrospective study of patients 21 years or olde...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Cureus
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9417588/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36046272 http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.27364 |
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author | Lagos-Castillo, Moraima Guevara-Vizcarra, María Paredes-Campos, Felipe Kosuri, Sathyatej Vilchez, Gustavo |
author_facet | Lagos-Castillo, Moraima Guevara-Vizcarra, María Paredes-Campos, Felipe Kosuri, Sathyatej Vilchez, Gustavo |
author_sort | Lagos-Castillo, Moraima |
collection | PubMed |
description | Objective This study was aimed at analyzing the validity and reliability of the Papanicolaou (Pap) test and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIAA) tests for cervical dysplasia screenings during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods This was a retrospective study of patients 21 years or older seen at the Luis Negreiros Primary Care Center in Lima, Peru between 2020 and 2021, who underwent cervical dysplasia screening (Pap or VIAA). Relevant information regarding patient age, date of service, and Pap and VIAA results were collected. Parallel form reliability was analyzed with chi-square tests, and phi, contingency and Cramer's V coefficients. The validity of these tests was analyzed through the calculation of the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values with confidence intervals. A p-value less than 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results From 4,503 records, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for Pap were 0.87 (0.81-0.92), 1.0 (1.0-1.0), 1.0 (1.0-1.0) and 0.99 (0.98-0.99), respectively, and those for VIAA were 0.22 (0.14-0.31), 0.10 (0.10-0.10), 0.53 (0.38-0.69) and 0.10 (0.10-0.10), respectively. Test validity varied slightly according to patient age and the year of testing. The correlation, although significant, was inverse; chi-square = 39.18, p <0.001, phi = -0.60, contingency = 0.51 and Cramer’s V = -0.59. Conclusion The validity and reliability of Pap testing and VIAA for cervical dysplasia screening significantly decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The correlation between these tests, although significant, was inverse. More larger-scale studies are needed to confirm these findings and understand the reasons underlying the decreased effectiveness of these tests. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9417588 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Cureus |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-94175882022-08-30 The Effectiveness of Pap and Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid (VIAA) Tests in Cervical Dysplasia Screenings During the COVID-19 Pandemic Lagos-Castillo, Moraima Guevara-Vizcarra, María Paredes-Campos, Felipe Kosuri, Sathyatej Vilchez, Gustavo Cureus Obstetrics/Gynecology Objective This study was aimed at analyzing the validity and reliability of the Papanicolaou (Pap) test and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIAA) tests for cervical dysplasia screenings during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods This was a retrospective study of patients 21 years or older seen at the Luis Negreiros Primary Care Center in Lima, Peru between 2020 and 2021, who underwent cervical dysplasia screening (Pap or VIAA). Relevant information regarding patient age, date of service, and Pap and VIAA results were collected. Parallel form reliability was analyzed with chi-square tests, and phi, contingency and Cramer's V coefficients. The validity of these tests was analyzed through the calculation of the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values with confidence intervals. A p-value less than 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results From 4,503 records, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for Pap were 0.87 (0.81-0.92), 1.0 (1.0-1.0), 1.0 (1.0-1.0) and 0.99 (0.98-0.99), respectively, and those for VIAA were 0.22 (0.14-0.31), 0.10 (0.10-0.10), 0.53 (0.38-0.69) and 0.10 (0.10-0.10), respectively. Test validity varied slightly according to patient age and the year of testing. The correlation, although significant, was inverse; chi-square = 39.18, p <0.001, phi = -0.60, contingency = 0.51 and Cramer’s V = -0.59. Conclusion The validity and reliability of Pap testing and VIAA for cervical dysplasia screening significantly decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The correlation between these tests, although significant, was inverse. More larger-scale studies are needed to confirm these findings and understand the reasons underlying the decreased effectiveness of these tests. Cureus 2022-07-27 /pmc/articles/PMC9417588/ /pubmed/36046272 http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.27364 Text en Copyright © 2022, Lagos-Castillo et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Obstetrics/Gynecology Lagos-Castillo, Moraima Guevara-Vizcarra, María Paredes-Campos, Felipe Kosuri, Sathyatej Vilchez, Gustavo The Effectiveness of Pap and Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid (VIAA) Tests in Cervical Dysplasia Screenings During the COVID-19 Pandemic |
title | The Effectiveness of Pap and Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid (VIAA) Tests in Cervical Dysplasia Screenings During the COVID-19 Pandemic |
title_full | The Effectiveness of Pap and Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid (VIAA) Tests in Cervical Dysplasia Screenings During the COVID-19 Pandemic |
title_fullStr | The Effectiveness of Pap and Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid (VIAA) Tests in Cervical Dysplasia Screenings During the COVID-19 Pandemic |
title_full_unstemmed | The Effectiveness of Pap and Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid (VIAA) Tests in Cervical Dysplasia Screenings During the COVID-19 Pandemic |
title_short | The Effectiveness of Pap and Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid (VIAA) Tests in Cervical Dysplasia Screenings During the COVID-19 Pandemic |
title_sort | effectiveness of pap and visual inspection with acetic acid (viaa) tests in cervical dysplasia screenings during the covid-19 pandemic |
topic | Obstetrics/Gynecology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9417588/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36046272 http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.27364 |
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