Aqueous synthesis of composition-tuned defects in CuInSe(2) nanocrystals for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H(2) evolution

The composition and defect tolerance of CuInSe(2) (CISe) quantum dots (QDs) provide a scaffold to design defects via tailoring the elemental ratio or distributions for boosting photocatalytic H(2) evolution (PHE). Herein, a ligand-assisted two-step aqueous method was developed to prepare defect CISe quantum dots for the first time. UV-vis, XPS, HRTEM, and HADDF investigations confirmed the typical double-absorption edges of copper vacancy defects and indium substituted at copper site defects in the structure constructed through initial synthesis tuned by Cu/In ratio and the ensued coarsening. The steady-transient PL suggested that the D–A recombination with prolonged PL lifetime dominated the emission of composition-optimized CuInSe(2) with the Cu/In ratio of 1/4 (CISe-1/4). Further transient photocurrent and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy investigations demonstrated that surface defects in the structure favor the carriers' separation/transportation. The CISe-1/4 exhibited a superior PHE rate of 722 μmol g(−1) h(−1), about 23 times higher than that of the initially synthesized CISe-1/4 nucleus (31 μmol g(−1) h(−1)), with a maximum apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 1.3%. The analysis of energy levels and the coulombic interaction energy of electron–hole (J(e/h)) based on Raman, extending UV-vis spectra investigations suggested that surface defects resulted in decreased J(e/h) of CISe-1/4, favoring the enhanced PHE of this structure. This work is expected to provide a reference for designing effective non-noble metal I–III–VI photocatalysts.