Possible effects of low testosterone levels on olfactory function in males

INTRODUCTION: Functions attributed to androgens have increased, ranging from the role in hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis and reproductive behaviors to modulation of cognition, mood and some other functions. Sex differences and changes in circulating sex hormones affect human sensory function. In the literature, authors reported this kind of influence for olfaction predominantly in females. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of low testosterone levels on olfactory functions in males, in this prospective clinical study. METHODS: Male patients diagnosed with prostate cancer were included. Thirty-nine patients with prostate cancer whose testosterone levels were lower than 50 ng/dL due to castration, were the study group. Thirty-one patients with prostate cancer who were not castrated with testosterone levels higher than 50 ng/dL were selected as the control group. Acoustic rhinometry and peak nasal inspiratory flow tests were performed for all participants; and for evaluation of olfactory function, both groups completed the Connecticut chemosensory clinical research center olfactory test. RESULTS: The mean ages of the patients and controls were 69.6 ± 7.2 (57–89) and 66.3 ± 5.8 (50–78) years, respectively (p = 0.039). There was a significant difference between groups in terms of testosterone levels (p < 0.0001). The multivariate logistic regression revealed testosterone level as the only predictive factor determining the difference between the groups. In terms of olfactory parameters, all scores were lower in the emasculated group (butanol threshold test p = 0.019, identification p = 0.059, and Connecticut center score p = 0.029) There was a significant correlation between testosterone levels and olfactory parameters (p = 0.023; p = 0.025 for identification and Connecticut center scores, respectively). CONCLUSION: Low testosterone levels in males have negative effects on olfactory functions. Further molecular research is required to understand the connection between testosterone and olfaction.