Serum anti-SPP1 autoantibody as a potential novel biomarker in detection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has poor prognosis mainly due to lacking of effective diagnostic biomarkers. Aberrant expression of secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) protein has been observed in several cancers. The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility of serum autoantibody to SPP1 in detection of ESCC. METHODS: The SPP1 protein levels in 108 ESCC tissues and 72 adjacent normal tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Discovery group containing 62 serum samples from ESCC patients and 62 serum samples from normal controls (NC) were used to detect the levels of anti-SPP1 autoantibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Validation group containing another 100 ESCC and 100 NC serum samples were tested to confirm the levels of autoantibody to SPP1. Western blotting was performed to further confirm the results of ELISA. RESULTS: SPP1 protein was significantly overexpressed in ESCC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. ELISA results showed that serum autoantibody to SPP1 was significantly increased in ESCC compared to NC in both discovery and validation groups. Autoantibody to SPP1 could discriminate patients with ESCC from NC with the area under curve (AUC) values of 0.653 and 0.739 in discovery and validation group, respectively. The results of ELISA and the occurrence of immunoreactivity to SPP1 in ESCC sera were confirmed by western blotting. CONCLUSION: Our study indicated the potential significance of anti-SPP1 autoantibody as a novel biomarker for detection of ESCC. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-10012-9.