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Human immune polymorphisms associated with the risk of cryptococcal disease

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that can cause lethal cryptococcal meningitis in immunocompromised individuals such as those with HIV/AIDS. In addition, cryptococcal infections occasionally arise in immunocompetent individuals or those with previously undiagnosed immunode...

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Autores principales: Onyishi, Chinaemerem U., May, Robin C.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9426616/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34716931
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imm.13425
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author Onyishi, Chinaemerem U.
May, Robin C.
author_facet Onyishi, Chinaemerem U.
May, Robin C.
author_sort Onyishi, Chinaemerem U.
collection PubMed
description Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that can cause lethal cryptococcal meningitis in immunocompromised individuals such as those with HIV/AIDS. In addition, cryptococcal infections occasionally arise in immunocompetent individuals or those with previously undiagnosed immunodeficiencies. The course of cryptococcosis is highly variable in both patient groups, and there is rapidly growing evidence that genetic polymorphisms may have a significant impact on the trajectory of disease. Here, we review what is currently known about the nature of these polymorphisms and their impact on host response to C. neoformans infection. Thus far, polymorphisms in Fc gamma receptors, mannose‐binding lectin, Dectin‐2, Toll‐like receptors and macrophage colony‐stimulating factor have been associated with susceptibility to cryptococcal disease. Notably, however, in some cases the impact of these polymorphisms depends on the genetic background of the population; for example, the FCGR3A 158 F/V polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of cryptococcal disease in both HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative white populations, but not in Han Chinese patients. In most cases, the precise mechanism by which the identified polymorphisms influence disease progression remains unclear, although impaired fungal recognition and phagocytosis by innate immune cells appears to play a major role. Finally, we highlight outstanding questions in the field and emphasize the need for future research to include more diverse populations in their genetic association studies.
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spelling pubmed-94266162022-09-08 Human immune polymorphisms associated with the risk of cryptococcal disease Onyishi, Chinaemerem U. May, Robin C. Immunology Review Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that can cause lethal cryptococcal meningitis in immunocompromised individuals such as those with HIV/AIDS. In addition, cryptococcal infections occasionally arise in immunocompetent individuals or those with previously undiagnosed immunodeficiencies. The course of cryptococcosis is highly variable in both patient groups, and there is rapidly growing evidence that genetic polymorphisms may have a significant impact on the trajectory of disease. Here, we review what is currently known about the nature of these polymorphisms and their impact on host response to C. neoformans infection. Thus far, polymorphisms in Fc gamma receptors, mannose‐binding lectin, Dectin‐2, Toll‐like receptors and macrophage colony‐stimulating factor have been associated with susceptibility to cryptococcal disease. Notably, however, in some cases the impact of these polymorphisms depends on the genetic background of the population; for example, the FCGR3A 158 F/V polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of cryptococcal disease in both HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative white populations, but not in Han Chinese patients. In most cases, the precise mechanism by which the identified polymorphisms influence disease progression remains unclear, although impaired fungal recognition and phagocytosis by innate immune cells appears to play a major role. Finally, we highlight outstanding questions in the field and emphasize the need for future research to include more diverse populations in their genetic association studies. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2021-11-11 2022-02 /pmc/articles/PMC9426616/ /pubmed/34716931 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imm.13425 Text en © 2021 The Authors. Immunology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
spellingShingle Review
Onyishi, Chinaemerem U.
May, Robin C.
Human immune polymorphisms associated with the risk of cryptococcal disease
title Human immune polymorphisms associated with the risk of cryptococcal disease
title_full Human immune polymorphisms associated with the risk of cryptococcal disease
title_fullStr Human immune polymorphisms associated with the risk of cryptococcal disease
title_full_unstemmed Human immune polymorphisms associated with the risk of cryptococcal disease
title_short Human immune polymorphisms associated with the risk of cryptococcal disease
title_sort human immune polymorphisms associated with the risk of cryptococcal disease
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9426616/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34716931
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imm.13425
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