Bacteriophages Can Make a Difference in Water Quality: Evidence From a Community-Based Study From North India

Background and objectives Diarrhoea is a preventable and treatable faecal-oral disease. Despite significant inputs from the health and non-health sector in the treatment and prevention of diarrhoea, it remains a significant contributor to under-five-years children mortality and exerts profound effects on their growth and development. Bacteriophage has the potential to prevent diarrhoea. Bacteriophage status may influence the extent of diarrhoea. The objectives of the study were a) to assess the bacteriophage status and quality of water based on the Most Probable Number (MPN) count in the drinking water of under-five years children, and b) to find the association of the extent of diarrhoea with the bacteriophage status and quality of drinking water of under-five-years children in rural areas of Varanasi. Methods This is a community-based cross-sectional study done in the Chiraigaon community development block in a rural area of Varanasi. Water samples were collected and analysed in the Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Results The result of the study was that bacteriophage is present in 118 samples of water, whereas bacteriophage for Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella, and Vibrio were present in the drinking water of 81.1%, 53.8%, and 25.8% of under-five-years children, respectively. The water quality was highly satisfactory in 41.7% of samples and unsatisfactory in 15.2% of samples (p<0.004). All samples with highly satisfactory water quality had bacteriophages. Diarrhoea was present in 57.14% of samples without bacteriophage and 24.5% in samples with bacteriophage (p<0.01). The unadjusted odds ratio is 4.09. Interpretation and conclusions The odds of diarrhoea are four times higher in the water sample without bacteriophage than in the water sample in which bacteriophage is present. Bacteriophage study in preventing diarrhoea in children under five and health risk assessment call for focus.