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Underlying Immune Mechanisms Involved in Cow’s Milk-Induced Hypersensitivity Reactions Manifesting as Atopic Dermatitis
Of the many symptoms associated with cow’s milk allergy (CMA), many populations face the burden of the appearance or worsening of atopic dermatitis (AD) when consuming milk products. Due to the prevalence and possible severity of symptoms, it is important to understand the underlying immune mechanis...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Cureus
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9433788/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36059314 http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.27604 |
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author | Weimer, Derek S Demory Beckler, Michelle |
author_facet | Weimer, Derek S Demory Beckler, Michelle |
author_sort | Weimer, Derek S |
collection | PubMed |
description | Of the many symptoms associated with cow’s milk allergy (CMA), many populations face the burden of the appearance or worsening of atopic dermatitis (AD) when consuming milk products. Due to the prevalence and possible severity of symptoms, it is important to understand the underlying immune mechanisms involved in such reactions. Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated immune responses to often benign antigens, many times resulting in a cascade of pro-inflammatory processes. Of the four major types, type I and IV are of most relevance when considering atopic dermatitis worsened by cow’s milk. Considered a “true allergy,” type I (immediate) hypersensitivity reactions occur within hours after secondary exposure to an allergen and are primarily driven by antibodies and humoral immune responses. On the contrary, type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity reactions are driven by cell-mediated responses involving T-cell activation. Due to the array of symptoms induced by these complex reactions, it is imperative to diagnose early and treat appropriately. In this literature review, we aim to highlight the primary underlying immune contributors to hypersensitivity reactions, discuss AD as a manifestation of hypersensitivity reactions to cow’s milk, and consider current and future treatment options for combatting hypersensitivities manifesting as AD. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9433788 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Cureus |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-94337882022-09-03 Underlying Immune Mechanisms Involved in Cow’s Milk-Induced Hypersensitivity Reactions Manifesting as Atopic Dermatitis Weimer, Derek S Demory Beckler, Michelle Cureus Dermatology Of the many symptoms associated with cow’s milk allergy (CMA), many populations face the burden of the appearance or worsening of atopic dermatitis (AD) when consuming milk products. Due to the prevalence and possible severity of symptoms, it is important to understand the underlying immune mechanisms involved in such reactions. Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated immune responses to often benign antigens, many times resulting in a cascade of pro-inflammatory processes. Of the four major types, type I and IV are of most relevance when considering atopic dermatitis worsened by cow’s milk. Considered a “true allergy,” type I (immediate) hypersensitivity reactions occur within hours after secondary exposure to an allergen and are primarily driven by antibodies and humoral immune responses. On the contrary, type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity reactions are driven by cell-mediated responses involving T-cell activation. Due to the array of symptoms induced by these complex reactions, it is imperative to diagnose early and treat appropriately. In this literature review, we aim to highlight the primary underlying immune contributors to hypersensitivity reactions, discuss AD as a manifestation of hypersensitivity reactions to cow’s milk, and consider current and future treatment options for combatting hypersensitivities manifesting as AD. Cureus 2022-08-02 /pmc/articles/PMC9433788/ /pubmed/36059314 http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.27604 Text en Copyright © 2022, Weimer et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Dermatology Weimer, Derek S Demory Beckler, Michelle Underlying Immune Mechanisms Involved in Cow’s Milk-Induced Hypersensitivity Reactions Manifesting as Atopic Dermatitis |
title | Underlying Immune Mechanisms Involved in Cow’s Milk-Induced Hypersensitivity Reactions Manifesting as Atopic Dermatitis |
title_full | Underlying Immune Mechanisms Involved in Cow’s Milk-Induced Hypersensitivity Reactions Manifesting as Atopic Dermatitis |
title_fullStr | Underlying Immune Mechanisms Involved in Cow’s Milk-Induced Hypersensitivity Reactions Manifesting as Atopic Dermatitis |
title_full_unstemmed | Underlying Immune Mechanisms Involved in Cow’s Milk-Induced Hypersensitivity Reactions Manifesting as Atopic Dermatitis |
title_short | Underlying Immune Mechanisms Involved in Cow’s Milk-Induced Hypersensitivity Reactions Manifesting as Atopic Dermatitis |
title_sort | underlying immune mechanisms involved in cow’s milk-induced hypersensitivity reactions manifesting as atopic dermatitis |
topic | Dermatology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9433788/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36059314 http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.27604 |
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