Evaluation of Various Offline and Online ECM Parameter Identification Methods of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Underwater Vehicles

[Image: see text] For underwater vehicles, the state of charge (SOC) of battery is often used to guide the optimal allocation of energy. An accurate SOC estimation can improve work efficiency and reliability of underwater vehicles. Model-based SOC estimation methods are still mainstream routes used in practical applications. Hence, accurate battery models are highly desirable, which depends not only on the circuit structure but also on the circuit parameters. Four-parameter identification algorithms, offline mechanism-based and least squared (LS) methods, as well as online recursive least-squares with forget factor (FFRLS) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) methods were analyzed in terms of SOC estimation under three different conditions. The results revealed that in the case without any disturbance, the predicted SOCs based on four-parameter identification circuits fitted well with the reference. Moreover, it is remarkable that the LS offline methods work better than the FFRLS online routes. In addition, the robustness has also been accessed through the other two conditions, i.e., measurement data with disturbance and initial SOC value with deviation. The results showed that maximum errors of SOC estimation based on the EKF approach are significantly lower than those of the other methods, and the values are 0.51% and 0.20%, respectively. Thus, the circuit model based on the EKF parameter identification approach possessed a stronger anti-interference performance during the SOC estimation process. This research can provide corresponding theoretical support on ECM parameter identification for lithium-ion batteries in underwater vehicles.