Cargando…
Analysis of the thinking process of pharmacists in response to changes in the dispensing environment using the eye-tracking method
BACKGROUND: Pharmacists must understand the mechanisms by which dispensing errors occur and take appropriate preventive measures. In this study, the gaze movements of pharmacists were analyzed using an eye-tracking method, to elucidate the thinking process of pharmacists when identifying target drug...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2022
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9434836/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36045385 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40780-022-00254-x |
_version_ | 1784780969031499776 |
---|---|
author | Tsuji, Toshikazu Nagata, Kenichiro Sasaki, Keiichi Matsukane, Ryosuke Ishida, Shigeru Kawashiri, Takehiro Suetsugu, Kimitaka Watanabe, Hiroyuki Hirota, Takeshi Ieiri, Ichiro |
author_facet | Tsuji, Toshikazu Nagata, Kenichiro Sasaki, Keiichi Matsukane, Ryosuke Ishida, Shigeru Kawashiri, Takehiro Suetsugu, Kimitaka Watanabe, Hiroyuki Hirota, Takeshi Ieiri, Ichiro |
author_sort | Tsuji, Toshikazu |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Pharmacists must understand the mechanisms by which dispensing errors occur and take appropriate preventive measures. In this study, the gaze movements of pharmacists were analyzed using an eye-tracking method, to elucidate the thinking process of pharmacists when identifying target drugs and avoiding dispensing errors. METHODS: We prepared verification slides and projected them on a large screen. Each slide comprised a drug rack area and a prescription area; the former consisted of a grid-like layout with 55 drugs and the latter displayed dispensing information (drug name, drug usage, location number, and total amount). Twelve pharmacists participated in the study, and three single-type drugs and six double-type drugs were used as target drugs. We analyzed the pharmacists’ method of identifying the target drugs, the mechanisms by which errors occurred, and the usefulness of drug photographs using the error-induction (−) /photo (+), error-induction (+) / (+), and error-induction (+) /photo (−) models. RESULTS: Visual invasion by non-target drugs was found to have an effect on the subsequent occurrence of dispensing errors. In addition, when using error-induction models, the rate of dispensing error was 2.8 and 11.1% for the photo (+) and photo (−) models, respectively. Furthermore, based on the analysis of eight pharmacists who dispensed drugs without errors, it was clear that additional confirmation of “drug name” was required to accurately identify the target drug in the photo (+) model; additionally, that of “location number” was required to pinpoint directly the position of target drug in the photo (−) model. CONCLUSIONS: By analyzing the gaze movements of pharmacists using the eye-tracking method, we clarified pharmacists’ thinking process which was required to avoid dispensing errors in a complicated environment and proved the usefulness of drug photographs in terms of both reducing the complexity of the dispensing process and the risk of dispensing errors. Effective measures to prevent dispensing errors include ensuring non-adjacent placement of double-type drugs and utilization of their image information. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9434836 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-94348362022-09-02 Analysis of the thinking process of pharmacists in response to changes in the dispensing environment using the eye-tracking method Tsuji, Toshikazu Nagata, Kenichiro Sasaki, Keiichi Matsukane, Ryosuke Ishida, Shigeru Kawashiri, Takehiro Suetsugu, Kimitaka Watanabe, Hiroyuki Hirota, Takeshi Ieiri, Ichiro J Pharm Health Care Sci Research Article BACKGROUND: Pharmacists must understand the mechanisms by which dispensing errors occur and take appropriate preventive measures. In this study, the gaze movements of pharmacists were analyzed using an eye-tracking method, to elucidate the thinking process of pharmacists when identifying target drugs and avoiding dispensing errors. METHODS: We prepared verification slides and projected them on a large screen. Each slide comprised a drug rack area and a prescription area; the former consisted of a grid-like layout with 55 drugs and the latter displayed dispensing information (drug name, drug usage, location number, and total amount). Twelve pharmacists participated in the study, and three single-type drugs and six double-type drugs were used as target drugs. We analyzed the pharmacists’ method of identifying the target drugs, the mechanisms by which errors occurred, and the usefulness of drug photographs using the error-induction (−) /photo (+), error-induction (+) / (+), and error-induction (+) /photo (−) models. RESULTS: Visual invasion by non-target drugs was found to have an effect on the subsequent occurrence of dispensing errors. In addition, when using error-induction models, the rate of dispensing error was 2.8 and 11.1% for the photo (+) and photo (−) models, respectively. Furthermore, based on the analysis of eight pharmacists who dispensed drugs without errors, it was clear that additional confirmation of “drug name” was required to accurately identify the target drug in the photo (+) model; additionally, that of “location number” was required to pinpoint directly the position of target drug in the photo (−) model. CONCLUSIONS: By analyzing the gaze movements of pharmacists using the eye-tracking method, we clarified pharmacists’ thinking process which was required to avoid dispensing errors in a complicated environment and proved the usefulness of drug photographs in terms of both reducing the complexity of the dispensing process and the risk of dispensing errors. Effective measures to prevent dispensing errors include ensuring non-adjacent placement of double-type drugs and utilization of their image information. BioMed Central 2022-09-01 /pmc/articles/PMC9434836/ /pubmed/36045385 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40780-022-00254-x Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Tsuji, Toshikazu Nagata, Kenichiro Sasaki, Keiichi Matsukane, Ryosuke Ishida, Shigeru Kawashiri, Takehiro Suetsugu, Kimitaka Watanabe, Hiroyuki Hirota, Takeshi Ieiri, Ichiro Analysis of the thinking process of pharmacists in response to changes in the dispensing environment using the eye-tracking method |
title | Analysis of the thinking process of pharmacists in response to changes in the dispensing environment using the eye-tracking method |
title_full | Analysis of the thinking process of pharmacists in response to changes in the dispensing environment using the eye-tracking method |
title_fullStr | Analysis of the thinking process of pharmacists in response to changes in the dispensing environment using the eye-tracking method |
title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of the thinking process of pharmacists in response to changes in the dispensing environment using the eye-tracking method |
title_short | Analysis of the thinking process of pharmacists in response to changes in the dispensing environment using the eye-tracking method |
title_sort | analysis of the thinking process of pharmacists in response to changes in the dispensing environment using the eye-tracking method |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9434836/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36045385 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40780-022-00254-x |
work_keys_str_mv | AT tsujitoshikazu analysisofthethinkingprocessofpharmacistsinresponsetochangesinthedispensingenvironmentusingtheeyetrackingmethod AT nagatakenichiro analysisofthethinkingprocessofpharmacistsinresponsetochangesinthedispensingenvironmentusingtheeyetrackingmethod AT sasakikeiichi analysisofthethinkingprocessofpharmacistsinresponsetochangesinthedispensingenvironmentusingtheeyetrackingmethod AT matsukaneryosuke analysisofthethinkingprocessofpharmacistsinresponsetochangesinthedispensingenvironmentusingtheeyetrackingmethod AT ishidashigeru analysisofthethinkingprocessofpharmacistsinresponsetochangesinthedispensingenvironmentusingtheeyetrackingmethod AT kawashiritakehiro analysisofthethinkingprocessofpharmacistsinresponsetochangesinthedispensingenvironmentusingtheeyetrackingmethod AT suetsugukimitaka analysisofthethinkingprocessofpharmacistsinresponsetochangesinthedispensingenvironmentusingtheeyetrackingmethod AT watanabehiroyuki analysisofthethinkingprocessofpharmacistsinresponsetochangesinthedispensingenvironmentusingtheeyetrackingmethod AT hirotatakeshi analysisofthethinkingprocessofpharmacistsinresponsetochangesinthedispensingenvironmentusingtheeyetrackingmethod AT ieiriichiro analysisofthethinkingprocessofpharmacistsinresponsetochangesinthedispensingenvironmentusingtheeyetrackingmethod |