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Dissociable consequences of moderate and high volume stress are mediated by the differential energetic demands of stress

Exposure to traumatic stress leads to persistent, deleterious behavioral and biological changes in both human and non-human species. The effects of stress are not always consistent, however, as exposure to different stressors often leads to heterogeneous effects. The intensity of the stressor may be...

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Autores principales: Conoscenti, Michael A., Smith, Nancy J., Fanselow, Michael S.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9436037/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36048782
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273803
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author Conoscenti, Michael A.
Smith, Nancy J.
Fanselow, Michael S.
author_facet Conoscenti, Michael A.
Smith, Nancy J.
Fanselow, Michael S.
author_sort Conoscenti, Michael A.
collection PubMed
description Exposure to traumatic stress leads to persistent, deleterious behavioral and biological changes in both human and non-human species. The effects of stress are not always consistent, however, as exposure to different stressors often leads to heterogeneous effects. The intensity of the stressor may be a key factor in determining the consequences of stress. While it is difficult to quantify intensity for many stress types, electric shock exposure provides us with a stressor that has quantifiable parameters (presentation length x intensity x number = shock volume). Therefore, to test the procedural differences in shock volume that may account for some reported heterogeneity, we used two common shock procedures. Learned helplessness is a commonly reported behavioral outcome, highlighted by a deficit in subsequent shuttle-box escape, which requires a relatively high-volume stress (HVS) of about 100 uncontrollable shocks. Conversely, stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) is another common behavioral outcome that requires a relatively moderate-volume stress (MVS) of only 15 shocks. We exposed rats to HVS, MVS, or no stress (NS) and examined the effects on subsequent fear learning and normal weight gain. We found doubly dissociable effects of the two levels of stress. MVS enhanced contextual fear learning but did not impact weight, while HVS produced the opposite pattern. In other words, more stress does not simply lead to greater impairment. We then tested the hypothesis that the different stress-induced sequalae arouse from an energetic challenge imposed on the hippocampus by HVS but not MVS. HVS rats that consumed a glucose solution did exhibit SEFL. Furthermore, rats exposed to MVS and glucoprivated during single-trial context conditioning did not exhibit SEFL. Consistent with the hypothesis that the inability of HVS to enhance fear learning is because of an impact on the hippocampus, HVS did enhance hippocampus-independent auditory fear learning. Finally, we provide evidence that stressors of different volumes produce dissociable changes in glutamate receptor proteins in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and dorsal hippocampus (DH). The data indicate that while the intensity of stress is a critical determinant of stress-induced phenotypes that effect is nonlinear.
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spelling pubmed-94360372022-09-02 Dissociable consequences of moderate and high volume stress are mediated by the differential energetic demands of stress Conoscenti, Michael A. Smith, Nancy J. Fanselow, Michael S. PLoS One Research Article Exposure to traumatic stress leads to persistent, deleterious behavioral and biological changes in both human and non-human species. The effects of stress are not always consistent, however, as exposure to different stressors often leads to heterogeneous effects. The intensity of the stressor may be a key factor in determining the consequences of stress. While it is difficult to quantify intensity for many stress types, electric shock exposure provides us with a stressor that has quantifiable parameters (presentation length x intensity x number = shock volume). Therefore, to test the procedural differences in shock volume that may account for some reported heterogeneity, we used two common shock procedures. Learned helplessness is a commonly reported behavioral outcome, highlighted by a deficit in subsequent shuttle-box escape, which requires a relatively high-volume stress (HVS) of about 100 uncontrollable shocks. Conversely, stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) is another common behavioral outcome that requires a relatively moderate-volume stress (MVS) of only 15 shocks. We exposed rats to HVS, MVS, or no stress (NS) and examined the effects on subsequent fear learning and normal weight gain. We found doubly dissociable effects of the two levels of stress. MVS enhanced contextual fear learning but did not impact weight, while HVS produced the opposite pattern. In other words, more stress does not simply lead to greater impairment. We then tested the hypothesis that the different stress-induced sequalae arouse from an energetic challenge imposed on the hippocampus by HVS but not MVS. HVS rats that consumed a glucose solution did exhibit SEFL. Furthermore, rats exposed to MVS and glucoprivated during single-trial context conditioning did not exhibit SEFL. Consistent with the hypothesis that the inability of HVS to enhance fear learning is because of an impact on the hippocampus, HVS did enhance hippocampus-independent auditory fear learning. Finally, we provide evidence that stressors of different volumes produce dissociable changes in glutamate receptor proteins in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and dorsal hippocampus (DH). The data indicate that while the intensity of stress is a critical determinant of stress-induced phenotypes that effect is nonlinear. Public Library of Science 2022-09-01 /pmc/articles/PMC9436037/ /pubmed/36048782 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273803 Text en © 2022 Conoscenti et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Conoscenti, Michael A.
Smith, Nancy J.
Fanselow, Michael S.
Dissociable consequences of moderate and high volume stress are mediated by the differential energetic demands of stress
title Dissociable consequences of moderate and high volume stress are mediated by the differential energetic demands of stress
title_full Dissociable consequences of moderate and high volume stress are mediated by the differential energetic demands of stress
title_fullStr Dissociable consequences of moderate and high volume stress are mediated by the differential energetic demands of stress
title_full_unstemmed Dissociable consequences of moderate and high volume stress are mediated by the differential energetic demands of stress
title_short Dissociable consequences of moderate and high volume stress are mediated by the differential energetic demands of stress
title_sort dissociable consequences of moderate and high volume stress are mediated by the differential energetic demands of stress
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9436037/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36048782
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273803
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