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Branched-Chain Amino Acids Are Neuroprotective Against Traumatic Brain Injury and Enhance Rate of Recovery: Prophylactic Role for Contact Sports and Emergent Use
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are known to be neurorestorative after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Despite clinically significant improvements in severe TBI patients given BCAAs after TBI, the approach is largely an unrecognized option. Further, TBI continues to be the most common cause of morb...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9438436/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36060454 http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neur.2022.0031 |
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author | Dickerman, Rob D. Williamson, Julie Mathew, Ezek Butt, Christopher M. Bird, Clark W. Hood, Lauren E. Grimshaw, Vivian |
author_facet | Dickerman, Rob D. Williamson, Julie Mathew, Ezek Butt, Christopher M. Bird, Clark W. Hood, Lauren E. Grimshaw, Vivian |
author_sort | Dickerman, Rob D. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are known to be neurorestorative after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Despite clinically significant improvements in severe TBI patients given BCAAs after TBI, the approach is largely an unrecognized option. Further, TBI continues to be the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in adolescents and adults. To date, no study has evaluated whether BCAAs can be preventive or neuroprotective if taken before a TBI. We hypothesized that if BCAAs were elevated in the circulation before TBI, the brain would readily access the BCAAs and the severity of injury would be reduced. Before TBI induction with a standard weight-drop method, 50 adult mice were randomized into groups that were shams, untreated, and pre-treated, post-treated, or pre- + post-treated with BCAAs. Pre-treated mice received BCAAs through supplemented water and were dosed by oral gavage 45 min before TBI induction. All mice underwent beam walking to assess motor recovery, and the Morris water maze assessed cognitive function post-injury. On post-injury day 14, brains were harvested to assess levels of astrocytes and microglia with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) immunohistochemistry, respectively. Pre-treated and pre- +post-treated mice exhibited significantly better motor recovery and cognitive function than the other groups. The pre- + post-treated group had the best overall memory performance, whereas the pre-treated and post-treated groups only had limited improvements in memory compared to untreated animals. Pre- + post-treated brains had levels of GFAP that were similar to the sham group, whereas the pre-only and post-only groups showed increases. Although trends existed, no meaningful changes in IBA-1 were detected. This is the first study, animal or human, to demonstrate that BCAA are neuroprotective and substantiates their neurorestorative benefits after TBI, most likely through the important roles of BCAAs to glutamate homeostasis. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9438436 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-94384362022-09-02 Branched-Chain Amino Acids Are Neuroprotective Against Traumatic Brain Injury and Enhance Rate of Recovery: Prophylactic Role for Contact Sports and Emergent Use Dickerman, Rob D. Williamson, Julie Mathew, Ezek Butt, Christopher M. Bird, Clark W. Hood, Lauren E. Grimshaw, Vivian Neurotrauma Rep Original Article Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are known to be neurorestorative after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Despite clinically significant improvements in severe TBI patients given BCAAs after TBI, the approach is largely an unrecognized option. Further, TBI continues to be the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in adolescents and adults. To date, no study has evaluated whether BCAAs can be preventive or neuroprotective if taken before a TBI. We hypothesized that if BCAAs were elevated in the circulation before TBI, the brain would readily access the BCAAs and the severity of injury would be reduced. Before TBI induction with a standard weight-drop method, 50 adult mice were randomized into groups that were shams, untreated, and pre-treated, post-treated, or pre- + post-treated with BCAAs. Pre-treated mice received BCAAs through supplemented water and were dosed by oral gavage 45 min before TBI induction. All mice underwent beam walking to assess motor recovery, and the Morris water maze assessed cognitive function post-injury. On post-injury day 14, brains were harvested to assess levels of astrocytes and microglia with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) immunohistochemistry, respectively. Pre-treated and pre- +post-treated mice exhibited significantly better motor recovery and cognitive function than the other groups. The pre- + post-treated group had the best overall memory performance, whereas the pre-treated and post-treated groups only had limited improvements in memory compared to untreated animals. Pre- + post-treated brains had levels of GFAP that were similar to the sham group, whereas the pre-only and post-only groups showed increases. Although trends existed, no meaningful changes in IBA-1 were detected. This is the first study, animal or human, to demonstrate that BCAA are neuroprotective and substantiates their neurorestorative benefits after TBI, most likely through the important roles of BCAAs to glutamate homeostasis. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 2022-08-16 /pmc/articles/PMC9438436/ /pubmed/36060454 http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neur.2022.0031 Text en © Rob D. Dickerman et al., 2022; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License [CC-BY] (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Original Article Dickerman, Rob D. Williamson, Julie Mathew, Ezek Butt, Christopher M. Bird, Clark W. Hood, Lauren E. Grimshaw, Vivian Branched-Chain Amino Acids Are Neuroprotective Against Traumatic Brain Injury and Enhance Rate of Recovery: Prophylactic Role for Contact Sports and Emergent Use |
title | Branched-Chain Amino Acids Are Neuroprotective Against Traumatic Brain Injury and Enhance Rate of Recovery: Prophylactic Role for Contact Sports and Emergent Use |
title_full | Branched-Chain Amino Acids Are Neuroprotective Against Traumatic Brain Injury and Enhance Rate of Recovery: Prophylactic Role for Contact Sports and Emergent Use |
title_fullStr | Branched-Chain Amino Acids Are Neuroprotective Against Traumatic Brain Injury and Enhance Rate of Recovery: Prophylactic Role for Contact Sports and Emergent Use |
title_full_unstemmed | Branched-Chain Amino Acids Are Neuroprotective Against Traumatic Brain Injury and Enhance Rate of Recovery: Prophylactic Role for Contact Sports and Emergent Use |
title_short | Branched-Chain Amino Acids Are Neuroprotective Against Traumatic Brain Injury and Enhance Rate of Recovery: Prophylactic Role for Contact Sports and Emergent Use |
title_sort | branched-chain amino acids are neuroprotective against traumatic brain injury and enhance rate of recovery: prophylactic role for contact sports and emergent use |
topic | Original Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9438436/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36060454 http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neur.2022.0031 |
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