Synthesis and antibacterial activity studies in vitro of indirubin-3′-monoximes

Multi-drug-resistant microbial pathogens are a serious global health problem. New compounds with antibacterial activity serve as good candidates for developing novel antibacterial drugs which is very urgent and important. In this work, based on the unique scaffold of indirubin, an active ingredient of traditional Chinese medicine formulation Danggui Luhui Wan, we synthesized 29 indirubin-3′-monoximes and preliminarily evaluated their antibacterial activities. The antibacterial activity results demonstrated that the synthesized indirubin-3′-monoximes 5a–5z and 5aa–5ad displayed good potency against S. aureus ATCC25923 (MIC = 0.4–25.6 μg mL(−1)). Among them, we found that the 5-F, 5-Cl and 7-CF(3) substituted indirubin-3′-monoximes 5r, 5s and 5aa also showed better antibacterial efficiency for S. aureus (MICs up to 0.4 μg mL(−1)) than the prototype natural product indirubin (MIC = 32 μg mL(−1)). More importantly, indirubin-3′-monoxime 5aa has certain synergistic effect with levofloxacin against clinic multidrug-resistant S. aureus (fractional inhibitory concentration index: 0.375). In addition, relevant experiments including electron microscopy observations, PI staining and the leakage of extracellular potassium ions and nucleic acid (260 nm) have been performed after treating S. aureus with indirubin-3′-monoxime 5aa, and the results revealed that indirubin-3′-monoximes could increase the cell membrane permeability of S. aureus. Although indirubin-3′-monoxime 5aa showed some cytotoxicity toward SH-SY5Y cells relative to compounds 5r and 5s, the skin irritation test of male mice after shaving showed that compound 5aa at a concentration of 12.8 μg mL(−1) had no toxicity to mouse skin, and it could be used as a leading compound for skin antibacterial drugs.