No evidence for carcinogenicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in 26-week inhalation study in rasH2 mouse model

With the rapid development of alternative methods based on the spirit of animal welfare, the publications of animal studies evaluating endpoints such as cancer have been extremely reduced. We performed a 26-week inhalation exposure studies of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO(2) NPs) using CByB6F1-Tg(HRAS)2Jic (rasH2) mice model for detecting carcinogenicity. Male and female rasH2 mice were exposed to 2, 8 or 32 mg/m(3) of TiO(2) NPs for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 26 weeks. All tissues and blood were collected and subjected to biological and histopathological analyses. TiO(2) NPs exposure induced deposition of particles in lungs in a dose-dependent manner in each exposure group. Exposure to TiO(2) NPs, as well as other organs, did not increase the incidence of lung tumors in any group, and pulmonary fibrosis and pre-neoplastic lesions were not observed in all groups. Finally, the cell proliferative activity of alveolar epithelial type 2 cells was examined, and it was not increased by exposure to TiO(2) NPs. This is the first report showing the lack of pulmonary fibrogenicity and carcinogenicity (no evidence of carcinogenic activity) of TiO(2) NPs in 26-week inhalation study in rasH2 mice exposed up to 32 mg/m(3), which is considered to be a high concentration.