Measuring quality of dying, death and end-of-life care for children and young people: A scoping review of available tools

BACKGROUND: The circumstances and care provided at the end of a child’s life have a profound impact on family members. Although assessing experiences and outcomes during this time is challenging, healthcare professionals have a responsibility to ensure high quality of care is provided. AIM: To identify available tools which measure the quality of dying, death and end-of-life care for children and young people; describe the content, and data on validity and reliability of existing tools. DESIGN: Scoping review was conducted following the Arksey and O’Malley methodological framework. DATA SOURCES: Four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsycINFO) and grey literature were searched for studies published in English (January 2000–June 2021). A review of reference lists and citation searching was also undertaken. Tools needed to include a focus on the ‘dying’ phase of illness (defined as the last month of life). RESULTS: From 2078 articles, a total of 18 studies, reporting on 11 tools were identified. All tools were completed by primary caregivers or healthcare professionals as ‘proxy’ assessments; all except one was undertaken after death. Question items about quality of life and preparation for death were found in all tools; items relating to cultural aspects of care, grief and financial costs were less common. Only 6/11 had undergone psychometric testing within a paediatric palliative care setting. CONCLUSIONS: Future research should include ways to adapt, refine and improve existing tools. Assessing their wider application in different clinical and cultural settings and conducting further psychometric assessment represent areas of focus.