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Changes in cytomegalovirus load in the breast milk of very/extremely premature infants and the effect of pasteurization and freeze–thawing on reducing viral load

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to clarify the change in Cytomegalovirus (CMV) loads in breast milk (BM) of very/extremely premature infants (VPI/EPI) with birth weight < 1,500 g after birth, and to compare the effectiveness of pasteurization and freeze–thawing methods in reducing the CMV load of BM....

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Autores principales: Huang, Tingting, Cai, Wenhong, Ni, Chen, Lai, Shuhua, Lin, Shuidi, Wang, Quangui
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9447991/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36081633
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.900249
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author Huang, Tingting
Cai, Wenhong
Ni, Chen
Lai, Shuhua
Lin, Shuidi
Wang, Quangui
author_facet Huang, Tingting
Cai, Wenhong
Ni, Chen
Lai, Shuhua
Lin, Shuidi
Wang, Quangui
author_sort Huang, Tingting
collection PubMed
description OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to clarify the change in Cytomegalovirus (CMV) loads in breast milk (BM) of very/extremely premature infants (VPI/EPI) with birth weight < 1,500 g after birth, and to compare the effectiveness of pasteurization and freeze–thawing methods in reducing the CMV load of BM. METHODS: Breast milk samples were collected and tested every 2 weeks by fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR). We determined CMV load in BM before and after pasteurizing, and freeze-thawing. RESULTS: Cytomegalovirus DNA can already be detected in colostrum. The viral load gradually increased in the first 4 weeks, peaked in the 4th to 6th weeks, and gradually decreased thereafter. The viral load gradually returned to the initial level approximately 10–12 weeks postpartum. During the peak period of the CMV load in BM, the viral load was higher in the EPI than the VPI (P < 0.05). The average CMV load (logarithmic [LG]) in the pasteurization group was significantly lower than that in the raw BM group. The average CMV load in the freeze-thawed BM group was significantly lower than that in the raw BM group. The mean CMV load in the pasteurized BM group was lower than that in the freeze–thawed BM group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The CMV-DNA clearance rate in pasteurized was higher than in freeze–thawed (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The CMV detoxification rate in BM is high and the peak load period is mainly between 4 and 6 weeks. The CMV load values detected are higher than the threshold values (7 × 10(3) copy number/mL) of CMV infection that are reported in the literature as a concern. Both the freeze-thaw and pasteurization techniques can effectively reduce the CMV load.
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spelling pubmed-94479912022-09-07 Changes in cytomegalovirus load in the breast milk of very/extremely premature infants and the effect of pasteurization and freeze–thawing on reducing viral load Huang, Tingting Cai, Wenhong Ni, Chen Lai, Shuhua Lin, Shuidi Wang, Quangui Front Pediatr Pediatrics OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to clarify the change in Cytomegalovirus (CMV) loads in breast milk (BM) of very/extremely premature infants (VPI/EPI) with birth weight < 1,500 g after birth, and to compare the effectiveness of pasteurization and freeze–thawing methods in reducing the CMV load of BM. METHODS: Breast milk samples were collected and tested every 2 weeks by fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR). We determined CMV load in BM before and after pasteurizing, and freeze-thawing. RESULTS: Cytomegalovirus DNA can already be detected in colostrum. The viral load gradually increased in the first 4 weeks, peaked in the 4th to 6th weeks, and gradually decreased thereafter. The viral load gradually returned to the initial level approximately 10–12 weeks postpartum. During the peak period of the CMV load in BM, the viral load was higher in the EPI than the VPI (P < 0.05). The average CMV load (logarithmic [LG]) in the pasteurization group was significantly lower than that in the raw BM group. The average CMV load in the freeze-thawed BM group was significantly lower than that in the raw BM group. The mean CMV load in the pasteurized BM group was lower than that in the freeze–thawed BM group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The CMV-DNA clearance rate in pasteurized was higher than in freeze–thawed (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The CMV detoxification rate in BM is high and the peak load period is mainly between 4 and 6 weeks. The CMV load values detected are higher than the threshold values (7 × 10(3) copy number/mL) of CMV infection that are reported in the literature as a concern. Both the freeze-thaw and pasteurization techniques can effectively reduce the CMV load. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-08-23 /pmc/articles/PMC9447991/ /pubmed/36081633 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.900249 Text en Copyright © 2022 Huang, Cai, Ni, Lai, Lin and Wang. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Pediatrics
Huang, Tingting
Cai, Wenhong
Ni, Chen
Lai, Shuhua
Lin, Shuidi
Wang, Quangui
Changes in cytomegalovirus load in the breast milk of very/extremely premature infants and the effect of pasteurization and freeze–thawing on reducing viral load
title Changes in cytomegalovirus load in the breast milk of very/extremely premature infants and the effect of pasteurization and freeze–thawing on reducing viral load
title_full Changes in cytomegalovirus load in the breast milk of very/extremely premature infants and the effect of pasteurization and freeze–thawing on reducing viral load
title_fullStr Changes in cytomegalovirus load in the breast milk of very/extremely premature infants and the effect of pasteurization and freeze–thawing on reducing viral load
title_full_unstemmed Changes in cytomegalovirus load in the breast milk of very/extremely premature infants and the effect of pasteurization and freeze–thawing on reducing viral load
title_short Changes in cytomegalovirus load in the breast milk of very/extremely premature infants and the effect of pasteurization and freeze–thawing on reducing viral load
title_sort changes in cytomegalovirus load in the breast milk of very/extremely premature infants and the effect of pasteurization and freeze–thawing on reducing viral load
topic Pediatrics
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9447991/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36081633
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.900249
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