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Influence of drone carriage material on maintenance of storage temperature and quality of blood samples during transportation in an equatorial climate
The disruptive potentials of drones are rapidly growing including for the delivery of blood samples in healthcare. Maintenance of the quality of blood samples is important to ascertain that the drone is a safe mode of transportation, particularly during emergencies and in critical cases. The influen...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9451063/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36070297 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269866 |
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author | Zailani, Mohamed Afiq Hidayat Raja Sabudin, Raja Zahratul Azma Ismail, Aniza Abd Rahman, Rahana Mohd Saiboon, Ismail Sabri, Shahnaz Irwani Seong, Chan Kok Mail, Jamaludin Md Jamal, Shamsuriani Beng, Gan Kok Mahdy, Zaleha Abdullah |
author_facet | Zailani, Mohamed Afiq Hidayat Raja Sabudin, Raja Zahratul Azma Ismail, Aniza Abd Rahman, Rahana Mohd Saiboon, Ismail Sabri, Shahnaz Irwani Seong, Chan Kok Mail, Jamaludin Md Jamal, Shamsuriani Beng, Gan Kok Mahdy, Zaleha Abdullah |
author_sort | Zailani, Mohamed Afiq Hidayat |
collection | PubMed |
description | The disruptive potentials of drones are rapidly growing including for the delivery of blood samples in healthcare. Maintenance of the quality of blood samples is important to ascertain that the drone is a safe mode of transportation, particularly during emergencies and in critical cases. The influence of the drone carriage material on blood samples transportation was investigated in this study. Two phases of drone simulation flights were conducted in Cyberjaya, Malaysia. In Phase 1, the effect of drone carriage material on the internal storage temperature during blood samples transportation was determined. Three types of carriage materials were compared: aluminium, expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam, and polypropylene (PP) plastic. In Phase 2, the quality of drone-transported blood samples was assessed, using the best material from Phase 1 as the drone carriage material. Biochemical and hematological analyses of 60 blood samples were conducted using five parameters. In Phase 1, EPS foam was found to be the best material to maintain a stable and favorable internal storage temperature at mean kinetic temperature ±SD of 4.70 ±1.14°C. Much higher and unfavorable mean kinetic temperatures were recorded for aluminium (11.46 ±0.35°C) and plastic (14.17 ±0.05°C). In Phase 2, laboratory tests show that the quality of blood samples was well maintained, and the mean biochemical and hematological parameters of drone-transported blood samples showed no significant alteration compared to ground controls. Drone carriage material is an important determinant of the quality of blood samples transported by drone, particularly in hot equatorial climates as in Malaysia. The blood storage temperature was best maintained using EPS foam, as evidenced by the favorable average temperature and preservation of hematological and biochemical parameters of the blood samples. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9451063 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-94510632022-09-08 Influence of drone carriage material on maintenance of storage temperature and quality of blood samples during transportation in an equatorial climate Zailani, Mohamed Afiq Hidayat Raja Sabudin, Raja Zahratul Azma Ismail, Aniza Abd Rahman, Rahana Mohd Saiboon, Ismail Sabri, Shahnaz Irwani Seong, Chan Kok Mail, Jamaludin Md Jamal, Shamsuriani Beng, Gan Kok Mahdy, Zaleha Abdullah PLoS One Research Article The disruptive potentials of drones are rapidly growing including for the delivery of blood samples in healthcare. Maintenance of the quality of blood samples is important to ascertain that the drone is a safe mode of transportation, particularly during emergencies and in critical cases. The influence of the drone carriage material on blood samples transportation was investigated in this study. Two phases of drone simulation flights were conducted in Cyberjaya, Malaysia. In Phase 1, the effect of drone carriage material on the internal storage temperature during blood samples transportation was determined. Three types of carriage materials were compared: aluminium, expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam, and polypropylene (PP) plastic. In Phase 2, the quality of drone-transported blood samples was assessed, using the best material from Phase 1 as the drone carriage material. Biochemical and hematological analyses of 60 blood samples were conducted using five parameters. In Phase 1, EPS foam was found to be the best material to maintain a stable and favorable internal storage temperature at mean kinetic temperature ±SD of 4.70 ±1.14°C. Much higher and unfavorable mean kinetic temperatures were recorded for aluminium (11.46 ±0.35°C) and plastic (14.17 ±0.05°C). In Phase 2, laboratory tests show that the quality of blood samples was well maintained, and the mean biochemical and hematological parameters of drone-transported blood samples showed no significant alteration compared to ground controls. Drone carriage material is an important determinant of the quality of blood samples transported by drone, particularly in hot equatorial climates as in Malaysia. The blood storage temperature was best maintained using EPS foam, as evidenced by the favorable average temperature and preservation of hematological and biochemical parameters of the blood samples. Public Library of Science 2022-09-07 /pmc/articles/PMC9451063/ /pubmed/36070297 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269866 Text en © 2022 Zailani et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Zailani, Mohamed Afiq Hidayat Raja Sabudin, Raja Zahratul Azma Ismail, Aniza Abd Rahman, Rahana Mohd Saiboon, Ismail Sabri, Shahnaz Irwani Seong, Chan Kok Mail, Jamaludin Md Jamal, Shamsuriani Beng, Gan Kok Mahdy, Zaleha Abdullah Influence of drone carriage material on maintenance of storage temperature and quality of blood samples during transportation in an equatorial climate |
title | Influence of drone carriage material on maintenance of storage temperature and quality of blood samples during transportation in an equatorial climate |
title_full | Influence of drone carriage material on maintenance of storage temperature and quality of blood samples during transportation in an equatorial climate |
title_fullStr | Influence of drone carriage material on maintenance of storage temperature and quality of blood samples during transportation in an equatorial climate |
title_full_unstemmed | Influence of drone carriage material on maintenance of storage temperature and quality of blood samples during transportation in an equatorial climate |
title_short | Influence of drone carriage material on maintenance of storage temperature and quality of blood samples during transportation in an equatorial climate |
title_sort | influence of drone carriage material on maintenance of storage temperature and quality of blood samples during transportation in an equatorial climate |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9451063/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36070297 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269866 |
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