Effect of Sperm Cryopreservation in Farm Animals Using Nanotechnology

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Optimum production from farm animals can be achieved by focusing on all aspects, including reproduction in male stock. Sperm cryopreservation is a commonly practiced technique to preserve the semen of highly productive males. Semen should be collected and stored with utmost care because various factors affect their quality after collection, including the handling and cryodamage of sperm. It lowers semen quality, resulting in economic loss and low productivity. The present review paper focuses on advancements in semen cryopreservation in farm animals and methods for avoiding sperm cryodamage. ABSTRACT: Sperm cryopreservation is one of the sublime biotechnologies for assisted reproduction. In recent decades, there has been an increasing trend in the use of preserved semen. Post-thaw semen quality and values vary among animals of the same species. Similarly, there are species-specific variations in sperm morphology, i.e., sperm head, kinetic properties, plasma membrane integrity, and freezability. Similarly, the viability of sperm varies in the female reproductive tract, i.e., from a few hours (in cattle) to several days (in chicken). Various steps of sperm cryopreservation, i.e., male health examination, semen collection, dilution, semen centrifugation, pre- and post-thaw semen quality evaluation, lack standardized methodology, that result in differences in opinions. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART), including sperm preservation, are not applied to the same extent in commercial poultry species as in mammalian species for management and economic reasons. Sperm preservation requires a reduction in physiological metabolism by extending the viable duration of the gametes. Physiologically and morphologically, spermatozoa are unique in structure and function to deliver paternal DNA and activate oocytes after fertilization. Variations in semen and sperm composition account for better handling of semen, which can aid in improved fertility. This review aims to provide an update on sperm cryopreservation in farm animals.