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Effects of Silk Fibroin Enzyme Hydrolysates on Memory and Learning: A Review

Silk protein products have been used for a wide range of applications. This review focuses on the studies conducted relative to cognitive functions with silk fibroin enzyme hydrolysates (FEH) in humans and animals. All known studies reported in PubMed and Google Scholar have been included. Studies h...

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Autores principales: Stohs, Sidney J., Bucci, Luke R.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9457898/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36080178
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175407
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author Stohs, Sidney J.
Bucci, Luke R.
author_facet Stohs, Sidney J.
Bucci, Luke R.
author_sort Stohs, Sidney J.
collection PubMed
description Silk protein products have been used for a wide range of applications. This review focuses on the studies conducted relative to cognitive functions with silk fibroin enzyme hydrolysates (FEH) in humans and animals. All known studies reported in PubMed and Google Scholar have been included. Studies have been conducted on children, high school and college students, adults and seniors, ranging in ages from 7–92 years. Doses of 200–600 mg silk FEH per day for three weeks to 16 weeks have been used. Based on these studies, it can be concluded that silk FEH exhibit beneficial cognitive effects with respect to memory and learning, attention, mental focus, accuracy, memory recall, and overall memory and concentration. These conclusions are supported by studies in rats and mice. Mechanistic studies that have been conducted in animals and cell culture systems are also reviewed. These studies indicate that silk FEH exerts its positive effects on memory and learning by providing neuroprotection via a complex mechanism involving its potent antioxidant and inflammation-inhibiting activities. Acetylcholine (ACh) is secreted by cholinergic neurons, and plays a role in encoding new information. Silk FEH were shown to decrease the levels of the pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory mediators interlukin-1 (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), protecting the cholinergic system from oxidative stress, thus enhancing ACh levels in the brain, which is known to promote cognitive functions. In addition, the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF), which is involved in the survival of neurons, is enhanced, and an increase in the expression of the phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) occurs, which is known to play a positive role in cognitive functions. No adverse effects have been reported in association with the use of silk FEH.
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spelling pubmed-94578982022-09-09 Effects of Silk Fibroin Enzyme Hydrolysates on Memory and Learning: A Review Stohs, Sidney J. Bucci, Luke R. Molecules Review Silk protein products have been used for a wide range of applications. This review focuses on the studies conducted relative to cognitive functions with silk fibroin enzyme hydrolysates (FEH) in humans and animals. All known studies reported in PubMed and Google Scholar have been included. Studies have been conducted on children, high school and college students, adults and seniors, ranging in ages from 7–92 years. Doses of 200–600 mg silk FEH per day for three weeks to 16 weeks have been used. Based on these studies, it can be concluded that silk FEH exhibit beneficial cognitive effects with respect to memory and learning, attention, mental focus, accuracy, memory recall, and overall memory and concentration. These conclusions are supported by studies in rats and mice. Mechanistic studies that have been conducted in animals and cell culture systems are also reviewed. These studies indicate that silk FEH exerts its positive effects on memory and learning by providing neuroprotection via a complex mechanism involving its potent antioxidant and inflammation-inhibiting activities. Acetylcholine (ACh) is secreted by cholinergic neurons, and plays a role in encoding new information. Silk FEH were shown to decrease the levels of the pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory mediators interlukin-1 (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), protecting the cholinergic system from oxidative stress, thus enhancing ACh levels in the brain, which is known to promote cognitive functions. In addition, the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF), which is involved in the survival of neurons, is enhanced, and an increase in the expression of the phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) occurs, which is known to play a positive role in cognitive functions. No adverse effects have been reported in association with the use of silk FEH. MDPI 2022-08-24 /pmc/articles/PMC9457898/ /pubmed/36080178 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175407 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Stohs, Sidney J.
Bucci, Luke R.
Effects of Silk Fibroin Enzyme Hydrolysates on Memory and Learning: A Review
title Effects of Silk Fibroin Enzyme Hydrolysates on Memory and Learning: A Review
title_full Effects of Silk Fibroin Enzyme Hydrolysates on Memory and Learning: A Review
title_fullStr Effects of Silk Fibroin Enzyme Hydrolysates on Memory and Learning: A Review
title_full_unstemmed Effects of Silk Fibroin Enzyme Hydrolysates on Memory and Learning: A Review
title_short Effects of Silk Fibroin Enzyme Hydrolysates on Memory and Learning: A Review
title_sort effects of silk fibroin enzyme hydrolysates on memory and learning: a review
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9457898/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36080178
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175407
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