Weighted Iterative CD-Spline for Mitigating Occlusion Effects on Building Boundary Regularization Using Airborne LiDAR Data

Building occlusions usually decreases the accuracy of boundary regularization. Thus, it is essential that modeling methods address this problem, aiming to minimize its effects. In this context, we propose a weighted iterative changeable degree spline (WICDS) approach. The idea is to use a weight function for initial building boundary points, assigning a lower weight to the points in the occlusion region. As a contribution, the proposed method allows the minimization of errors caused by the occlusions, resulting in a more accurate contour modeling. The conducted experiments are performed using both simulated and real data. In general, the results indicate the potential of the WICDS approach to model a building boundary with occlusions, including curved boundary segments. In terms of F(score) and PoLiS, the proposed approach presents values around 99% and 0.19 m, respectively. Compared with the previous iterative changeable degree spline (ICDS), the WICDS resulted in an improvement of around 6.5% for completeness, 4% for F(score), and 0.24 m for the PoLiS metric.