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Multiple regression analyses to determine the effect of sweating rate and tattoo characteristics on sweat outcome measures during exercise
PURPOSE: To compare local sweating rate (LSR) and local sweat sodium ([Na(+)]), chloride ([Cl(−)]), and potassium ([K(+)]) concentrations of tattooed skin and contralateral non-tattooed skin during exercise. METHODS: Thirty-three recreational exercisers (17 men, 16 women) with ≥ 1 unilateral permane...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9463223/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35778519 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-04989-1 |
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author | Keyes, David M. Brown, Shyretha D. King, Michelle A. Engel, Megan D. Ciciora-Gold, Matthew Chavez, Peter John D. De Baker, Lindsay B. |
author_facet | Keyes, David M. Brown, Shyretha D. King, Michelle A. Engel, Megan D. Ciciora-Gold, Matthew Chavez, Peter John D. De Baker, Lindsay B. |
author_sort | Keyes, David M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | PURPOSE: To compare local sweating rate (LSR) and local sweat sodium ([Na(+)]), chloride ([Cl(−)]), and potassium ([K(+)]) concentrations of tattooed skin and contralateral non-tattooed skin during exercise. METHODS: Thirty-three recreational exercisers (17 men, 16 women) with ≥ 1 unilateral permanent tattoo on the torso/arms were tested during cycling, running, or fitness sessions (26 ± 4 °C and 54 ± 13% relative humidity). Forty-eight tattoos with a range of ink colors, ages (3 weeks to 20 years), and densities (10–100%) were included. Before exercise, the skin was cleaned with alcohol and patches (3 M Tegaderm + Pad) were placed on the tattooed and contralateral non-tattooed skin. LSR was calculated from sweat mass (0.80 ± 0.31 g), patch surface area (11.9 cm(2)), and duration (62 ± 14 min). Sweat [Na(+)], [Cl(−)], and [K(+)] were measured via ion chromatography. RESULTS: Based on the analysis of variance results, there were no differences between tattooed and non-tattooed skin for LSR (1.16 ± 0.52 vs. 1.12 ± 0.53 mg/cm(2)/min; p = 0.51), sweat [Na(+)] (60.2 ± 23.5 vs. 58.5 ± 22.7 mmol/L; p = 0.27), sweat [Cl(−)] (52.1 ± 22.4 vs. 50.6 ± 22.0 mmol/L; p = 0.31), or sweat [K(+)] (5.8 ± 1.6 vs. 5.9 ± 1.4 mmol/L; p = 0.31). Multiple regression analyses suggested that younger tattoos were associated with higher sweat [Na(+)] (p = 0.045) and colorful tattoos were associated with higher sweat [Cl(−)] (p = 0.04) compared with contralateral non-tattooed skin. Otherwise, there were no effects of LSR or tattoo characteristics on regression models for LSR or sweat electrolyte concentrations. CONCLUSION: There were no effects of tattoos on LSR and sweat [K(+)] during exercise-induced sweating, but tattoo age and color had small effects on sweat [Na(+)] and sweat [Cl(−)], respectively. CLINICAL TRIAL IDENTIFIERS: NCT04240951 was registered on January 27, 2020 and NCT04920266 was registered on June 9, 2021. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9463223 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-94632232022-09-11 Multiple regression analyses to determine the effect of sweating rate and tattoo characteristics on sweat outcome measures during exercise Keyes, David M. Brown, Shyretha D. King, Michelle A. Engel, Megan D. Ciciora-Gold, Matthew Chavez, Peter John D. De Baker, Lindsay B. Eur J Appl Physiol Original Article PURPOSE: To compare local sweating rate (LSR) and local sweat sodium ([Na(+)]), chloride ([Cl(−)]), and potassium ([K(+)]) concentrations of tattooed skin and contralateral non-tattooed skin during exercise. METHODS: Thirty-three recreational exercisers (17 men, 16 women) with ≥ 1 unilateral permanent tattoo on the torso/arms were tested during cycling, running, or fitness sessions (26 ± 4 °C and 54 ± 13% relative humidity). Forty-eight tattoos with a range of ink colors, ages (3 weeks to 20 years), and densities (10–100%) were included. Before exercise, the skin was cleaned with alcohol and patches (3 M Tegaderm + Pad) were placed on the tattooed and contralateral non-tattooed skin. LSR was calculated from sweat mass (0.80 ± 0.31 g), patch surface area (11.9 cm(2)), and duration (62 ± 14 min). Sweat [Na(+)], [Cl(−)], and [K(+)] were measured via ion chromatography. RESULTS: Based on the analysis of variance results, there were no differences between tattooed and non-tattooed skin for LSR (1.16 ± 0.52 vs. 1.12 ± 0.53 mg/cm(2)/min; p = 0.51), sweat [Na(+)] (60.2 ± 23.5 vs. 58.5 ± 22.7 mmol/L; p = 0.27), sweat [Cl(−)] (52.1 ± 22.4 vs. 50.6 ± 22.0 mmol/L; p = 0.31), or sweat [K(+)] (5.8 ± 1.6 vs. 5.9 ± 1.4 mmol/L; p = 0.31). Multiple regression analyses suggested that younger tattoos were associated with higher sweat [Na(+)] (p = 0.045) and colorful tattoos were associated with higher sweat [Cl(−)] (p = 0.04) compared with contralateral non-tattooed skin. Otherwise, there were no effects of LSR or tattoo characteristics on regression models for LSR or sweat electrolyte concentrations. CONCLUSION: There were no effects of tattoos on LSR and sweat [K(+)] during exercise-induced sweating, but tattoo age and color had small effects on sweat [Na(+)] and sweat [Cl(−)], respectively. CLINICAL TRIAL IDENTIFIERS: NCT04240951 was registered on January 27, 2020 and NCT04920266 was registered on June 9, 2021. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2022-07-01 2022 /pmc/articles/PMC9463223/ /pubmed/35778519 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-04989-1 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Original Article Keyes, David M. Brown, Shyretha D. King, Michelle A. Engel, Megan D. Ciciora-Gold, Matthew Chavez, Peter John D. De Baker, Lindsay B. Multiple regression analyses to determine the effect of sweating rate and tattoo characteristics on sweat outcome measures during exercise |
title | Multiple regression analyses to determine the effect of sweating rate and tattoo characteristics on sweat outcome measures during exercise |
title_full | Multiple regression analyses to determine the effect of sweating rate and tattoo characteristics on sweat outcome measures during exercise |
title_fullStr | Multiple regression analyses to determine the effect of sweating rate and tattoo characteristics on sweat outcome measures during exercise |
title_full_unstemmed | Multiple regression analyses to determine the effect of sweating rate and tattoo characteristics on sweat outcome measures during exercise |
title_short | Multiple regression analyses to determine the effect of sweating rate and tattoo characteristics on sweat outcome measures during exercise |
title_sort | multiple regression analyses to determine the effect of sweating rate and tattoo characteristics on sweat outcome measures during exercise |
topic | Original Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9463223/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35778519 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-04989-1 |
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