Cardiac biomarkers and detection methods for myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: A significant heart attack known as a myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when the blood supply to the heart is suddenly interrupted, harming the heart muscles due to a lack of oxygen. The incidence of myocardial infarction is increasing worldwide. A relationship between COVID-19 and myocardial infarction due to the recent COVID-19 pandemic has also been revealed. OBJECTIVE: We propose a biomarker and a method that can be used for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, and an aptamer-based approach. RESULTS: For the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, an algorithm-based diagnosis method was developed using electrocardiogram data. A diagnosis method through biomarker detection was then developed. CONCLUSION: Myocardial infarction is a disease that is difficult to diagnose based on the aspect of a single factor. For this reason, it is necessary to use a combination of various methods to diagnose myocardial infarction quickly and accurately. In addition, new materials such as aptamers must be grafted and integrated into new ways. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The incidence of myocardial infarction is increasing worldwide, and some studies are being conducted on the association between COVID-19 and myocardial infarction. The key to properly treating myocardial infarction is early detection, thus we aim to do this by offering both tools and techniques as well as the most recent diagnostic techniques. RECENT FINDINGS: Myocardial infarction is diagnosed using an electrocardiogram and echocardiogram, which utilize cardiac signals. It is required to identify biomarkers of myocardial infarction and use biomarker-based ELISA, SPR, gold nanoparticle, and aptamer technologies in order to correctly diagnose myocardial infarction.