Synoviocytes and skin fibroblasts show opposite effects on IL-23 production and IL-23 receptor expression during cell interactions with immune cells

BACKGROUND: The IL-23/IL-17 axis is involved in inflammatory diseases including arthritis and psoriasis. However, the response to IL-23 or IL-17 inhibitors is different depending on the disease. The aim was to compare the effects of interactions between immune and stromal cells on the IL-23 axis to understand these differences. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were co-cultured with RA synoviocytes or Pso skin fibroblasts, with or without phytohemagglutinin, IL-23, or anti-IL-23 antibody. Production of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-23, IL-17, IL-12, and IFNγ was measured by ELISA. IL-23 and cytokine receptor gene expression (IL-17RA, IL-17RC, IL-12Rβ1, IL-12Rβ2, and IL-23R) was analyzed by RT-qPCR. IL-12Rβ1 and IL-23R subunits were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The production of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17, IL-12, and IFNγ with synoviocytes or skin fibroblasts was rather similar, and cell interactions with immune cells increased their production, specifically that of IL-17. A major difference was observed for IL-23. Interactions with synoviocytes but not with skin fibroblasts decreased IL-23 secretion while mRNA level was increased, mainly with synoviocytes, reflecting a major consumption difference. IL-23 addition had only one effect, the increase of IL-17 secretion. Cell activation induced similar effects on cytokine receptor gene expression in co-cultures with synoviocytes or skin fibroblasts. The key difference was the cell interaction effects depending on the stromal cell origin. Interactions with synoviocytes increased the expression of both IL-23 receptor subunits at mRNA levels and IL-23R at the surface expression level while interactions with skin fibroblasts decreased their expression at the mRNA level and had no effect at the surface expression level. CONCLUSION: Interactions between immune and stromal cells are crucial in cytokine production and their receptor expression. The origin of stromal cells had a major influence on the production of IL-23 and its receptor expression. Such differences may explain part of the heterogeneity in treatment response.