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Supercritical water oxidation of phenol and process enhancement with in situ formed Fe(2)O(3) nano catalyst
During the past few decades, the treatment of hazardous waste and toxic phenolic compounds has become a major issue in the pharmaceutical, gas/oil, dying, and chemical industries. Considering polymerization and oxidation of phenolic compounds, supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) has gained special...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9464123/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34559388 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16390-0 |
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author | Al-Atta, Ammar Sher, Farooq Hazafa, Abu Zafar, Ayesha Iqbal, Hafiz M. N. Karahmet, Emina Lester, Edward |
author_facet | Al-Atta, Ammar Sher, Farooq Hazafa, Abu Zafar, Ayesha Iqbal, Hafiz M. N. Karahmet, Emina Lester, Edward |
author_sort | Al-Atta, Ammar |
collection | PubMed |
description | During the past few decades, the treatment of hazardous waste and toxic phenolic compounds has become a major issue in the pharmaceutical, gas/oil, dying, and chemical industries. Considering polymerization and oxidation of phenolic compounds, supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) has gained special attention. The present study objective was to synthesize a novel in situ Fe(2)O(3)nano-catalyst in a counter-current mixing reactor by supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) method to evaluate the phenol oxidation and COD reduction at different operation conditions like oxidant ratios and concentrations. Synthesized nano-catalyst was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). TEM results revealed the maximum average particle size of 26.18 and 16.20 nm for preheated and non-preheated oxidant configuration, respectively. XRD showed the clear peaks of hematite at a 2θ value of 24, 33, 35.5, 49.5, 54, 62, and 64 for both catalysts treated preheated and non-preheated oxidant configurations. The maximum COD reduction and phenol oxidation of about 93.5% and 99.9% were observed at an oxidant ratio of 1.5, 0.75 s, 25 MPa, and 380 °C with a non-preheated H(2)O(2) oxidant, while in situ formed Fe(2)O(3)nano-catalyst showed the maximum phenol oxidation of 99.9% at 0.75 s, 1.5 oxidant ratio, 25 MPa, and 380 °C. Similarly, in situ formed Fe(2)O(3) catalyst presented the highest COD reduction of 97.8% at 40 mM phenol concentration, 1.0 oxidant ratio, 0.75 s residence time, 380 °C, and 25 MPa. It is concluded and recommended that SCWO is a feasible and cost-effective alternative method for the destruction of contaminants in water which showed the complete conversion of phenol within less than 1 s and 1.5 oxidant ratio. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9464123 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-94641232022-09-12 Supercritical water oxidation of phenol and process enhancement with in situ formed Fe(2)O(3) nano catalyst Al-Atta, Ammar Sher, Farooq Hazafa, Abu Zafar, Ayesha Iqbal, Hafiz M. N. Karahmet, Emina Lester, Edward Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Current Trends and Research in Industrial Wastewater Treatment through Bioreactor Approach During the past few decades, the treatment of hazardous waste and toxic phenolic compounds has become a major issue in the pharmaceutical, gas/oil, dying, and chemical industries. Considering polymerization and oxidation of phenolic compounds, supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) has gained special attention. The present study objective was to synthesize a novel in situ Fe(2)O(3)nano-catalyst in a counter-current mixing reactor by supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) method to evaluate the phenol oxidation and COD reduction at different operation conditions like oxidant ratios and concentrations. Synthesized nano-catalyst was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). TEM results revealed the maximum average particle size of 26.18 and 16.20 nm for preheated and non-preheated oxidant configuration, respectively. XRD showed the clear peaks of hematite at a 2θ value of 24, 33, 35.5, 49.5, 54, 62, and 64 for both catalysts treated preheated and non-preheated oxidant configurations. The maximum COD reduction and phenol oxidation of about 93.5% and 99.9% were observed at an oxidant ratio of 1.5, 0.75 s, 25 MPa, and 380 °C with a non-preheated H(2)O(2) oxidant, while in situ formed Fe(2)O(3)nano-catalyst showed the maximum phenol oxidation of 99.9% at 0.75 s, 1.5 oxidant ratio, 25 MPa, and 380 °C. Similarly, in situ formed Fe(2)O(3) catalyst presented the highest COD reduction of 97.8% at 40 mM phenol concentration, 1.0 oxidant ratio, 0.75 s residence time, 380 °C, and 25 MPa. It is concluded and recommended that SCWO is a feasible and cost-effective alternative method for the destruction of contaminants in water which showed the complete conversion of phenol within less than 1 s and 1.5 oxidant ratio. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2021-09-24 2022 /pmc/articles/PMC9464123/ /pubmed/34559388 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16390-0 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Current Trends and Research in Industrial Wastewater Treatment through Bioreactor Approach Al-Atta, Ammar Sher, Farooq Hazafa, Abu Zafar, Ayesha Iqbal, Hafiz M. N. Karahmet, Emina Lester, Edward Supercritical water oxidation of phenol and process enhancement with in situ formed Fe(2)O(3) nano catalyst |
title | Supercritical water oxidation of phenol and process enhancement with in situ formed Fe(2)O(3) nano catalyst |
title_full | Supercritical water oxidation of phenol and process enhancement with in situ formed Fe(2)O(3) nano catalyst |
title_fullStr | Supercritical water oxidation of phenol and process enhancement with in situ formed Fe(2)O(3) nano catalyst |
title_full_unstemmed | Supercritical water oxidation of phenol and process enhancement with in situ formed Fe(2)O(3) nano catalyst |
title_short | Supercritical water oxidation of phenol and process enhancement with in situ formed Fe(2)O(3) nano catalyst |
title_sort | supercritical water oxidation of phenol and process enhancement with in situ formed fe(2)o(3) nano catalyst |
topic | Current Trends and Research in Industrial Wastewater Treatment through Bioreactor Approach |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9464123/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34559388 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16390-0 |
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