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Real-time energy consumption and air pollution emission during the transpacific crossing of a container ship
This study presents the real-time energy consumption of a container ship’s generator engine on two round-trips from the West Coast of the US to the East Asian ports and analyzes the ship’s PM(10), PM(2.5), NO(x), SO(x), CO, and HC emissions, shore power usage, and factors affecting energy consumptio...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Nature Publishing Group UK
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9464251/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36088467 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19605-7 |
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author | Yeh, Chin-Ko Lin, Chitsan Shen, Hsueh-Chen Cheruiyot, Nicholas Kiprotich Nguyen, Duy-Hieu Chang, Chi-Chung |
author_facet | Yeh, Chin-Ko Lin, Chitsan Shen, Hsueh-Chen Cheruiyot, Nicholas Kiprotich Nguyen, Duy-Hieu Chang, Chi-Chung |
author_sort | Yeh, Chin-Ko |
collection | PubMed |
description | This study presents the real-time energy consumption of a container ship’s generator engine on two round-trips from the West Coast of the US to the East Asian ports and analyzes the ship’s PM(10), PM(2.5), NO(x), SO(x), CO, and HC emissions, shore power usage, and factors affecting energy consumption. The average total energy consumption and air emissions for the two round trips were 1.72 GWh and 42.1 tons, respectively. The transpacific crossing segment had the highest average energy consumption (2848 ± 361 kWh) and pollutant emission rate (78.9 ± 10.0 kg h(−1)). On the other hand, the West Coast of the US had the least energy consumption due to shore power adoption. Furthermore, switching from heavy fuel oil (HFO) to ultra-low-sulfur fuel oil (ULSFO) greatly reduced the emissions of PM and SO(x) by > 96% and NO(x) by 17.0%. However, CO and HC increased by 16.9% and 36.1%, respectively, implying incomplete combustion. In addition, the energy consumption was influenced by the number of reefers and wind. Therefore, this study recommends further research on energy-efficient reefers, generator engine optimization, and shore power adoption to reduce emissions from container ships. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9464251 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group UK |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-94642512022-09-12 Real-time energy consumption and air pollution emission during the transpacific crossing of a container ship Yeh, Chin-Ko Lin, Chitsan Shen, Hsueh-Chen Cheruiyot, Nicholas Kiprotich Nguyen, Duy-Hieu Chang, Chi-Chung Sci Rep Article This study presents the real-time energy consumption of a container ship’s generator engine on two round-trips from the West Coast of the US to the East Asian ports and analyzes the ship’s PM(10), PM(2.5), NO(x), SO(x), CO, and HC emissions, shore power usage, and factors affecting energy consumption. The average total energy consumption and air emissions for the two round trips were 1.72 GWh and 42.1 tons, respectively. The transpacific crossing segment had the highest average energy consumption (2848 ± 361 kWh) and pollutant emission rate (78.9 ± 10.0 kg h(−1)). On the other hand, the West Coast of the US had the least energy consumption due to shore power adoption. Furthermore, switching from heavy fuel oil (HFO) to ultra-low-sulfur fuel oil (ULSFO) greatly reduced the emissions of PM and SO(x) by > 96% and NO(x) by 17.0%. However, CO and HC increased by 16.9% and 36.1%, respectively, implying incomplete combustion. In addition, the energy consumption was influenced by the number of reefers and wind. Therefore, this study recommends further research on energy-efficient reefers, generator engine optimization, and shore power adoption to reduce emissions from container ships. Nature Publishing Group UK 2022-09-10 /pmc/articles/PMC9464251/ /pubmed/36088467 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19605-7 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Article Yeh, Chin-Ko Lin, Chitsan Shen, Hsueh-Chen Cheruiyot, Nicholas Kiprotich Nguyen, Duy-Hieu Chang, Chi-Chung Real-time energy consumption and air pollution emission during the transpacific crossing of a container ship |
title | Real-time energy consumption and air pollution emission during the transpacific crossing of a container ship |
title_full | Real-time energy consumption and air pollution emission during the transpacific crossing of a container ship |
title_fullStr | Real-time energy consumption and air pollution emission during the transpacific crossing of a container ship |
title_full_unstemmed | Real-time energy consumption and air pollution emission during the transpacific crossing of a container ship |
title_short | Real-time energy consumption and air pollution emission during the transpacific crossing of a container ship |
title_sort | real-time energy consumption and air pollution emission during the transpacific crossing of a container ship |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9464251/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36088467 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19605-7 |
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