Cargando…

Real-time energy consumption and air pollution emission during the transpacific crossing of a container ship

This study presents the real-time energy consumption of a container ship’s generator engine on two round-trips from the West Coast of the US to the East Asian ports and analyzes the ship’s PM(10), PM(2.5), NO(x), SO(x), CO, and HC emissions, shore power usage, and factors affecting energy consumptio...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Yeh, Chin-Ko, Lin, Chitsan, Shen, Hsueh-Chen, Cheruiyot, Nicholas Kiprotich, Nguyen, Duy-Hieu, Chang, Chi-Chung
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Nature Publishing Group UK 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9464251/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36088467
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19605-7
_version_ 1784787543297884160
author Yeh, Chin-Ko
Lin, Chitsan
Shen, Hsueh-Chen
Cheruiyot, Nicholas Kiprotich
Nguyen, Duy-Hieu
Chang, Chi-Chung
author_facet Yeh, Chin-Ko
Lin, Chitsan
Shen, Hsueh-Chen
Cheruiyot, Nicholas Kiprotich
Nguyen, Duy-Hieu
Chang, Chi-Chung
author_sort Yeh, Chin-Ko
collection PubMed
description This study presents the real-time energy consumption of a container ship’s generator engine on two round-trips from the West Coast of the US to the East Asian ports and analyzes the ship’s PM(10), PM(2.5), NO(x), SO(x), CO, and HC emissions, shore power usage, and factors affecting energy consumption. The average total energy consumption and air emissions for the two round trips were 1.72 GWh and 42.1 tons, respectively. The transpacific crossing segment had the highest average energy consumption (2848 ± 361 kWh) and pollutant emission rate (78.9 ± 10.0 kg h(−1)). On the other hand, the West Coast of the US had the least energy consumption due to shore power adoption. Furthermore, switching from heavy fuel oil (HFO) to ultra-low-sulfur fuel oil (ULSFO) greatly reduced the emissions of PM and SO(x) by > 96% and NO(x) by 17.0%. However, CO and HC increased by 16.9% and 36.1%, respectively, implying incomplete combustion. In addition, the energy consumption was influenced by the number of reefers and wind. Therefore, this study recommends further research on energy-efficient reefers, generator engine optimization, and shore power adoption to reduce emissions from container ships.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-9464251
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2022
publisher Nature Publishing Group UK
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-94642512022-09-12 Real-time energy consumption and air pollution emission during the transpacific crossing of a container ship Yeh, Chin-Ko Lin, Chitsan Shen, Hsueh-Chen Cheruiyot, Nicholas Kiprotich Nguyen, Duy-Hieu Chang, Chi-Chung Sci Rep Article This study presents the real-time energy consumption of a container ship’s generator engine on two round-trips from the West Coast of the US to the East Asian ports and analyzes the ship’s PM(10), PM(2.5), NO(x), SO(x), CO, and HC emissions, shore power usage, and factors affecting energy consumption. The average total energy consumption and air emissions for the two round trips were 1.72 GWh and 42.1 tons, respectively. The transpacific crossing segment had the highest average energy consumption (2848 ± 361 kWh) and pollutant emission rate (78.9 ± 10.0 kg h(−1)). On the other hand, the West Coast of the US had the least energy consumption due to shore power adoption. Furthermore, switching from heavy fuel oil (HFO) to ultra-low-sulfur fuel oil (ULSFO) greatly reduced the emissions of PM and SO(x) by > 96% and NO(x) by 17.0%. However, CO and HC increased by 16.9% and 36.1%, respectively, implying incomplete combustion. In addition, the energy consumption was influenced by the number of reefers and wind. Therefore, this study recommends further research on energy-efficient reefers, generator engine optimization, and shore power adoption to reduce emissions from container ships. Nature Publishing Group UK 2022-09-10 /pmc/articles/PMC9464251/ /pubmed/36088467 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19605-7 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Article
Yeh, Chin-Ko
Lin, Chitsan
Shen, Hsueh-Chen
Cheruiyot, Nicholas Kiprotich
Nguyen, Duy-Hieu
Chang, Chi-Chung
Real-time energy consumption and air pollution emission during the transpacific crossing of a container ship
title Real-time energy consumption and air pollution emission during the transpacific crossing of a container ship
title_full Real-time energy consumption and air pollution emission during the transpacific crossing of a container ship
title_fullStr Real-time energy consumption and air pollution emission during the transpacific crossing of a container ship
title_full_unstemmed Real-time energy consumption and air pollution emission during the transpacific crossing of a container ship
title_short Real-time energy consumption and air pollution emission during the transpacific crossing of a container ship
title_sort real-time energy consumption and air pollution emission during the transpacific crossing of a container ship
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9464251/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36088467
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19605-7
work_keys_str_mv AT yehchinko realtimeenergyconsumptionandairpollutionemissionduringthetranspacificcrossingofacontainership
AT linchitsan realtimeenergyconsumptionandairpollutionemissionduringthetranspacificcrossingofacontainership
AT shenhsuehchen realtimeenergyconsumptionandairpollutionemissionduringthetranspacificcrossingofacontainership
AT cheruiyotnicholaskiprotich realtimeenergyconsumptionandairpollutionemissionduringthetranspacificcrossingofacontainership
AT nguyenduyhieu realtimeenergyconsumptionandairpollutionemissionduringthetranspacificcrossingofacontainership
AT changchichung realtimeenergyconsumptionandairpollutionemissionduringthetranspacificcrossingofacontainership