Kuhuang injection exerts a protective effect by activating PPAR-γ in an in vitro model of chlorpromazine-induced cholestatic liver injury constructed by tissue engineering

CONTEXT: Kuhuang (KH) injection is a widely used anticholestatic drug in the clinic and the mechanisms are still unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study uses a new 3D tissue-engineered (TE) liver platform to study the ability of kuhuang to ameliorate liver injury induced by chlorpromazine (CPZ) and the possible mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The TE livers (n = 25) were divided into 5 groups (n = 5 livers/group) as 3D, 3D + CPZ, 3D + CPZ + KH, 3D + CPZ + GW9662 (a PPARγ inhibitor) and 3D + CPZ + KH + GW9662. The treatments with kuhuang (1 mg/mL) and GW9662 (10 μmol/L) were given to the desired groups on the 7th day of the experimental process. 20 μmol/L CPZ was added on the 8th day. RESULTS: According to the 2D experimental results, the minimum effective concentration of kuhuang is 10 μg/mL and the optimal effective concentration is 1 mg/mL. Kuhuang ameliorated tissue damage in the TE livers both in terms of tissue structure and culture supernatant. Kuhuang significantly reduced TBA accumulation (38%) and downregulated CYP7A1 (38%) and CYP8B1 (79%). It reduced hepatic levels of ROS (14%), MDA (27%) but increased the levels of GSH (41%), SOD (12%), BSEP (4.4-fold), and MRP2 (74%). Moreover, kuhuang downregulated DR5 (99%) but increased the mRNA expression of PPARγ (4-fold). Molecular docking analyses determined the bioactivity of the active compounds of kuhuang through their specific bindings to PPARγ. CONCLUSIONS: Kuhuang could alleviate CPZ-induced cholestatic liver injury by activating PPARγ to reduce oxidative stress. Applying kuhuang for the treatment of CPZ-induced liver injury could be suggested.