Evaluation of Salivary Alkaline Phosphatase and Glutathione Peroxidase Levels in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Participants With and Without Smoking Habits: A Case–Control Study

BACKGROUND: The majority of the current evidence suggests that tobacco smoking increases the risk of diabetes. Salivary alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) considered a biomarker to detect various oral diseases. Several studies suggest that smoking habits tend to alter ALP and GSHPx levels. However, at present, there is no much information about these enzymes in smokers with diabetes. Hence, the study aimed to evaluate the status of salivary ALP and GSHPx levels in diabetic and nondiabetic participants with and without smoking habits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case–control study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee. A total of 60 male participants between the age group 35–50 years were recruited. Informed consent was obtained from participants. Participants were categorized into four groups: Group I – Smokers with diabetes (n = 15), Group II – Smokers without diabetes (n = 15), Group III – Nonsmoker with diabetes (n = 15), and Group IV – Nonsmoker without diabetes (n = 15). Salivary ALP levels and GSHPx activity were measured by colorimetric assay. Data were compared between groups using the one-way analysis of variance, followed by a Bonferroni post-hoc test. RESULTS: Nonsmoker diabetic participants demonstrated significantly higher ALP levels as compared to other groups (P < 0.05). We observed significantly lower levels of ALP in smokers with diabetes (P < 0.05). We observed a significant decrease in GSHPx activity in smokers with diabetes compared to all other groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Salivary ALP can be used as a clinical biomarker to be correlated for evaluating diabetes. GSHPx activity can be used to understand the response of supplementation therapy in smokers with diabetes.