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Detection of sleep apnea from single-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) using an explainable convolutional neural network (CNN)

Sleep apnea (SA) is a common disorder involving the cessation of breathing during sleep. It can cause daytime hypersomnia, accidents, and, if allowed to progress, serious, chronic conditions. Continuous positive airway pressure is an effective SA treatment. However, long waitlists impede timely diag...

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Autores principales: Barnes, Lachlan D., Lee, Kevin, Kempa-Liehr, Andreas W., Hallum, Luke E.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9469966/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36099242
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272167
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author Barnes, Lachlan D.
Lee, Kevin
Kempa-Liehr, Andreas W.
Hallum, Luke E.
author_facet Barnes, Lachlan D.
Lee, Kevin
Kempa-Liehr, Andreas W.
Hallum, Luke E.
author_sort Barnes, Lachlan D.
collection PubMed
description Sleep apnea (SA) is a common disorder involving the cessation of breathing during sleep. It can cause daytime hypersomnia, accidents, and, if allowed to progress, serious, chronic conditions. Continuous positive airway pressure is an effective SA treatment. However, long waitlists impede timely diagnosis; overnight sleep studies involve trained technicians scoring a polysomnograph, which comprises multiple physiological signals including multi-channel electroencephalography (EEG). Therefore, it is important to develop simplified and automated approaches to detect SA. In the present study, we have developed an explainable convolutional neural network (CNN) to detect SA events from single-channel EEG recordings which generalizes across subjects. The network architecture consisted of three convolutional layers. We tuned hyperparameters using the Hyperband algorithm, optimized parameters using Adam, and quantified network performance with subjectwise 10-fold cross-validation. Our CNN performed with an accuracy of 69.9%, and a Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.38. To explain the mechanisms of our trained network, we used critical-band masking (CBM): after training, we added bandlimited noise to test recordings; we parametrically varied the noise band center frequency and noise intensity, quantifying the deleterious effect on performance. We reconciled the effects of CBM with lesioning, wherein we zeroed the trained network’s 1st-layer filter kernels in turn, quantifying the deleterious effect on performance. These analyses indicated that the network learned frequency-band information consistent with known SA biomarkers, specifically, delta and beta band activity. Our results indicate single-channel EEG may have clinical potential for SA diagnosis.
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spelling pubmed-94699662022-09-14 Detection of sleep apnea from single-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) using an explainable convolutional neural network (CNN) Barnes, Lachlan D. Lee, Kevin Kempa-Liehr, Andreas W. Hallum, Luke E. PLoS One Research Article Sleep apnea (SA) is a common disorder involving the cessation of breathing during sleep. It can cause daytime hypersomnia, accidents, and, if allowed to progress, serious, chronic conditions. Continuous positive airway pressure is an effective SA treatment. However, long waitlists impede timely diagnosis; overnight sleep studies involve trained technicians scoring a polysomnograph, which comprises multiple physiological signals including multi-channel electroencephalography (EEG). Therefore, it is important to develop simplified and automated approaches to detect SA. In the present study, we have developed an explainable convolutional neural network (CNN) to detect SA events from single-channel EEG recordings which generalizes across subjects. The network architecture consisted of three convolutional layers. We tuned hyperparameters using the Hyperband algorithm, optimized parameters using Adam, and quantified network performance with subjectwise 10-fold cross-validation. Our CNN performed with an accuracy of 69.9%, and a Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.38. To explain the mechanisms of our trained network, we used critical-band masking (CBM): after training, we added bandlimited noise to test recordings; we parametrically varied the noise band center frequency and noise intensity, quantifying the deleterious effect on performance. We reconciled the effects of CBM with lesioning, wherein we zeroed the trained network’s 1st-layer filter kernels in turn, quantifying the deleterious effect on performance. These analyses indicated that the network learned frequency-band information consistent with known SA biomarkers, specifically, delta and beta band activity. Our results indicate single-channel EEG may have clinical potential for SA diagnosis. Public Library of Science 2022-09-13 /pmc/articles/PMC9469966/ /pubmed/36099242 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272167 Text en © 2022 Barnes et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Barnes, Lachlan D.
Lee, Kevin
Kempa-Liehr, Andreas W.
Hallum, Luke E.
Detection of sleep apnea from single-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) using an explainable convolutional neural network (CNN)
title Detection of sleep apnea from single-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) using an explainable convolutional neural network (CNN)
title_full Detection of sleep apnea from single-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) using an explainable convolutional neural network (CNN)
title_fullStr Detection of sleep apnea from single-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) using an explainable convolutional neural network (CNN)
title_full_unstemmed Detection of sleep apnea from single-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) using an explainable convolutional neural network (CNN)
title_short Detection of sleep apnea from single-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) using an explainable convolutional neural network (CNN)
title_sort detection of sleep apnea from single-channel electroencephalogram (eeg) using an explainable convolutional neural network (cnn)
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9469966/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36099242
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272167
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