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The antifungal activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles against four pathogens causing kiwifruit post-harvest rot

Post-harvest rot causes enormous economic loss to the global kiwifruit industry. Currently, there are no effective fungicides to combat the disease. It is unclear whether silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are effective in controlling post-harvest rot and, if so, what the underlying antifungal mechanism i...

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Autores principales: Li, Li, Pan, Hui, Deng, Lei, Qian, Guoliang, Wang, Zupeng, Li, Wenyi, Zhong, Caihong
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9471003/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36118196
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.988633
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author Li, Li
Pan, Hui
Deng, Lei
Qian, Guoliang
Wang, Zupeng
Li, Wenyi
Zhong, Caihong
author_facet Li, Li
Pan, Hui
Deng, Lei
Qian, Guoliang
Wang, Zupeng
Li, Wenyi
Zhong, Caihong
author_sort Li, Li
collection PubMed
description Post-harvest rot causes enormous economic loss to the global kiwifruit industry. Currently, there are no effective fungicides to combat the disease. It is unclear whether silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are effective in controlling post-harvest rot and, if so, what the underlying antifungal mechanism is. Our results indicated that 75 ppm AgNPs effectively inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of four kiwifruit rot pathogens: Alternaria alternata, Pestalotiopsis microspora, Diaporthe actinidiae, and Botryosphaeria dothidea. Additionally, AgNPs increased the permeability of mycelium’s cell membrane, indicating the leakage of intracellular substance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations revealed that AgNPs induced pathogen hypha shrinkage and distortion, as well as vacuolation in hypha cells, implying that AgNPs caused cellular and organelle structural degradation. The transcriptome sequencing of mycelium treated with AgNPs (24 h / 48 h) was performed on the Illumina Hiseq 4000 sequencing (RNA-Seq) platform. For the time points of 24 h and 48 h, AgNPs treatment resulted in 1,178 and 1,461 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of A. alternata, 517 and 91 DEGs of P. microspora, 1,287 and 65 DEGs of D. actinidiae, 239 and 55 DEGs of B. dothidea, respectively. The DEGs were found to be involved in “catalytic activity,” “small molecule binding,” “metal ion binding,” “transporter activity,” “cellular component organization,” “protein metabolic process,” “carbohydrate metabolic process,” and “establishment of localization.” Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis also revealed that “carbohydrate metabolism,” “amino acid metabolism,” “energy metabolism,” and “xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism” of “metabolism processes” were the most highly enriched pathways for these DEGs in four pathogens, with “cellular processes” being particularly enriched for B. dothidea. Furthermore, quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs) were used to validate the RNA-seq results. It was also confirmed that AgNPs could significantly reduce the symptoms of kiwifruit rot without leaving any Ag(+) residue on the peel and flesh of kiwifruit. Our findings contributed to a better understanding of the antifungal effect and molecular mechanisms of AgNPs against pathogens causing kiwifruit post-harvest rot, as well as a new perspective on the application of this novel antifungal alternative to fruit disease control.
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spelling pubmed-94710032022-09-15 The antifungal activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles against four pathogens causing kiwifruit post-harvest rot Li, Li Pan, Hui Deng, Lei Qian, Guoliang Wang, Zupeng Li, Wenyi Zhong, Caihong Front Microbiol Microbiology Post-harvest rot causes enormous economic loss to the global kiwifruit industry. Currently, there are no effective fungicides to combat the disease. It is unclear whether silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are effective in controlling post-harvest rot and, if so, what the underlying antifungal mechanism is. Our results indicated that 75 ppm AgNPs effectively inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of four kiwifruit rot pathogens: Alternaria alternata, Pestalotiopsis microspora, Diaporthe actinidiae, and Botryosphaeria dothidea. Additionally, AgNPs increased the permeability of mycelium’s cell membrane, indicating the leakage of intracellular substance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations revealed that AgNPs induced pathogen hypha shrinkage and distortion, as well as vacuolation in hypha cells, implying that AgNPs caused cellular and organelle structural degradation. The transcriptome sequencing of mycelium treated with AgNPs (24 h / 48 h) was performed on the Illumina Hiseq 4000 sequencing (RNA-Seq) platform. For the time points of 24 h and 48 h, AgNPs treatment resulted in 1,178 and 1,461 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of A. alternata, 517 and 91 DEGs of P. microspora, 1,287 and 65 DEGs of D. actinidiae, 239 and 55 DEGs of B. dothidea, respectively. The DEGs were found to be involved in “catalytic activity,” “small molecule binding,” “metal ion binding,” “transporter activity,” “cellular component organization,” “protein metabolic process,” “carbohydrate metabolic process,” and “establishment of localization.” Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis also revealed that “carbohydrate metabolism,” “amino acid metabolism,” “energy metabolism,” and “xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism” of “metabolism processes” were the most highly enriched pathways for these DEGs in four pathogens, with “cellular processes” being particularly enriched for B. dothidea. Furthermore, quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs) were used to validate the RNA-seq results. It was also confirmed that AgNPs could significantly reduce the symptoms of kiwifruit rot without leaving any Ag(+) residue on the peel and flesh of kiwifruit. Our findings contributed to a better understanding of the antifungal effect and molecular mechanisms of AgNPs against pathogens causing kiwifruit post-harvest rot, as well as a new perspective on the application of this novel antifungal alternative to fruit disease control. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-08-31 /pmc/articles/PMC9471003/ /pubmed/36118196 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.988633 Text en Copyright © 2022 Li, Pan, Deng, Qian, Wang, Li and Zhong. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Microbiology
Li, Li
Pan, Hui
Deng, Lei
Qian, Guoliang
Wang, Zupeng
Li, Wenyi
Zhong, Caihong
The antifungal activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles against four pathogens causing kiwifruit post-harvest rot
title The antifungal activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles against four pathogens causing kiwifruit post-harvest rot
title_full The antifungal activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles against four pathogens causing kiwifruit post-harvest rot
title_fullStr The antifungal activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles against four pathogens causing kiwifruit post-harvest rot
title_full_unstemmed The antifungal activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles against four pathogens causing kiwifruit post-harvest rot
title_short The antifungal activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles against four pathogens causing kiwifruit post-harvest rot
title_sort antifungal activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles against four pathogens causing kiwifruit post-harvest rot
topic Microbiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9471003/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36118196
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.988633
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