Intense atmospheric frontogenesis by air–sea coupling processes during the passage of Typhoon Lingling captured at Ieodo Ocean Research Station

The Ieodo Ocean Research Station (Ieodo ORS) is a fixed marine observation platform at the boundary of the Yellow and East China Seas. In 2019, a Category 4 Typhoon Lingling passed by the Ieodo ORS very closely. At that time, the Ieodo ORS observed Sea Surface Temperature (SST) cooling of 4.5 °C by vertical mixing and negative turbulent heat flux (i.e., the sum of sensible and latent heat fluxes) due to the SST cooling. In this study, uncoupled and coupled simulations were conducted to examine the role of air-sea interactions in changes in atmospheric frontogenesis around the typhoon passage. In the coupled simulation, SST cooling up to 6 °C occurred over the dangerous semicircle due to vertical mixing induced by wind stress. Strong wind stress also enhanced the SST gradient and, therefore, contributed to the formation of a steeper atmospheric frontal zone. Moreover, the comparison with reliable datasets supports the physical linkage between SST cooling and atmospheric frontogenesis by utilizing the meridional theta-e gradient and moisture convergence zone. Therefore, from the simulation results, we hope to improve our understanding of atmospheric frontogenesis by air–sea coupling processes in the future development of a coupled atmosphere–ocean modeling system.