Enhancing oxidative phosphorylation over glycolysis for energy production in cultured mesenchymal stem cells

Strokes represent as one of the leading causes of death and disability in the USA, however, there is no optimal treatment to reduce the occurrence or improve prognosis. Preconditioning of tissues triggers ischemic tolerance, a physiological state that may involve a metabolic switch (i.e. from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation or OxPhos) to preserve tissue viability under an ischemic insult. Here, we hypothesized that metabolic switching of energy source from glucose to galactose in cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) stands as an effective OxPhos-enhancing strategy. METHODS: MSCs were grown under ambient condition (normal MSCs) or metabolic switching paradigm (switched MSCs) and then assayed for oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) using the Seahorse technology to assess mitochondrial respiration. RESULTS: Normal MSCs showed a lower OCR/ECAR ratio than switched MSCs at baseline (P < 0.0001), signifying that there were greater levels of OxPhos compared to glycolysis in switched MSCs. By modulating the mitochondrial metabolism with oligomycin (time points 4–6), carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (7–9), and rotenone and antimycin (time points 10–12), switched MSCs greater reliance on OxPhos was further elucidated (time points 5–12; P < 0.0001; time point 4; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The metabolic switch from glycolytic to oxidative metabolism amplifies the OxPhos potential of MSCs, which may allow these cells to afford more robust therapeutic effects against neurological disorders that benefit from ischemic tolerance.