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Out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines in Bangladesh: An analysis of the national household income and expenditure survey 2016–17

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: High out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPE) increases the probability that households will become impoverished or will forgo needed care. The aim of this paper is to study household medicines expenditure and its associated determining factors to develop policies to protect hous...

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Autores principales: Serván-Mori, Edson, Islam, Md Deen, Kaplan, Warren A., Thrasher, Rachel, Wirtz, Veronika J.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9480983/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36112592
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274671
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author Serván-Mori, Edson
Islam, Md Deen
Kaplan, Warren A.
Thrasher, Rachel
Wirtz, Veronika J.
author_facet Serván-Mori, Edson
Islam, Md Deen
Kaplan, Warren A.
Thrasher, Rachel
Wirtz, Veronika J.
author_sort Serván-Mori, Edson
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: High out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPE) increases the probability that households will become impoverished or will forgo needed care. The aim of this paper is to study household medicines expenditure and its associated determining factors to develop policies to protect households from financial hardship. METHODS: The present cross-sectional and population-level study used the Bangladesh 2016–17 National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES). The final sample size was 46,080 households. We analyzed the probability of OOPE for medicines, the share of total OOPE due to medicines out of total OOPE in health (reported as a ratio between zero and one), the OOPE amount for medicines reported (in United States Dollars), and the share of OOPE amount on medicines out of total household expenditure (reported as a ratio between zero and one). Predictors of analyzed outcomes were identified using three regression models. RESULTS: Out of those households who spent on healthcare, the probability of having any OOPE on medicines was 87.9%. Of those who spent on medicines, the median monthly expenditure was US$3.03. The poorest households spent 9.97% of their total household expenditure as OOPE on medicines, nearly double that of the wealthiest households (5.86%). The characteristic which showed the most significant correlation to a high OOPE on medicines was the presence of chronic diseases, especially cancer. Twenty six percent of all surveyed households spend more than 10% of their OOPE on medicines. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that financial protection should be targeted at the poorest quintiles and such protection should include enrollment of rural households. Further, outpatient medicines benefits should include those for non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
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spelling pubmed-94809832022-09-17 Out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines in Bangladesh: An analysis of the national household income and expenditure survey 2016–17 Serván-Mori, Edson Islam, Md Deen Kaplan, Warren A. Thrasher, Rachel Wirtz, Veronika J. PLoS One Research Article BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: High out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPE) increases the probability that households will become impoverished or will forgo needed care. The aim of this paper is to study household medicines expenditure and its associated determining factors to develop policies to protect households from financial hardship. METHODS: The present cross-sectional and population-level study used the Bangladesh 2016–17 National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES). The final sample size was 46,080 households. We analyzed the probability of OOPE for medicines, the share of total OOPE due to medicines out of total OOPE in health (reported as a ratio between zero and one), the OOPE amount for medicines reported (in United States Dollars), and the share of OOPE amount on medicines out of total household expenditure (reported as a ratio between zero and one). Predictors of analyzed outcomes were identified using three regression models. RESULTS: Out of those households who spent on healthcare, the probability of having any OOPE on medicines was 87.9%. Of those who spent on medicines, the median monthly expenditure was US$3.03. The poorest households spent 9.97% of their total household expenditure as OOPE on medicines, nearly double that of the wealthiest households (5.86%). The characteristic which showed the most significant correlation to a high OOPE on medicines was the presence of chronic diseases, especially cancer. Twenty six percent of all surveyed households spend more than 10% of their OOPE on medicines. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that financial protection should be targeted at the poorest quintiles and such protection should include enrollment of rural households. Further, outpatient medicines benefits should include those for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Public Library of Science 2022-09-16 /pmc/articles/PMC9480983/ /pubmed/36112592 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274671 Text en © 2022 Serván-Mori et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Serván-Mori, Edson
Islam, Md Deen
Kaplan, Warren A.
Thrasher, Rachel
Wirtz, Veronika J.
Out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines in Bangladesh: An analysis of the national household income and expenditure survey 2016–17
title Out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines in Bangladesh: An analysis of the national household income and expenditure survey 2016–17
title_full Out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines in Bangladesh: An analysis of the national household income and expenditure survey 2016–17
title_fullStr Out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines in Bangladesh: An analysis of the national household income and expenditure survey 2016–17
title_full_unstemmed Out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines in Bangladesh: An analysis of the national household income and expenditure survey 2016–17
title_short Out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines in Bangladesh: An analysis of the national household income and expenditure survey 2016–17
title_sort out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines in bangladesh: an analysis of the national household income and expenditure survey 2016–17
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9480983/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36112592
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274671
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