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Enhancer RNAs step forward: new insights into enhancer function
Enhancers confer precise spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental stimuli. Over the last decade, the transcription of enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) – nascent RNAs transcribed from active enhancers – has emerged as a key factor regulating enhancer activity. eR...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
The Company of Biologists Ltd
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9481971/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36039999 http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.200398 |
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author | Harrison, Laura J. Bose, Daniel |
author_facet | Harrison, Laura J. Bose, Daniel |
author_sort | Harrison, Laura J. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Enhancers confer precise spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental stimuli. Over the last decade, the transcription of enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) – nascent RNAs transcribed from active enhancers – has emerged as a key factor regulating enhancer activity. eRNAs are relatively short-lived RNA species that are transcribed at very high rates but also quickly degraded. Nevertheless, eRNAs are deeply intertwined within enhancer regulatory networks and are implicated in a number of transcriptional control mechanisms. Enhancers show changes in function and sequence over evolutionary time, raising questions about the relationship between enhancer sequences and eRNA function. Moreover, the vast majority of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with human complex diseases map to the non-coding genome, with causal disease variants enriched within enhancers. In this Primer, we survey the diverse roles played by eRNAs in enhancer-dependent gene expression, evaluating different models for eRNA function. We also explore questions surrounding the genetic conservation of enhancers and how this relates to eRNA function and dysfunction. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9481971 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | The Company of Biologists Ltd |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-94819712022-10-25 Enhancer RNAs step forward: new insights into enhancer function Harrison, Laura J. Bose, Daniel Development Primer Enhancers confer precise spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental stimuli. Over the last decade, the transcription of enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) – nascent RNAs transcribed from active enhancers – has emerged as a key factor regulating enhancer activity. eRNAs are relatively short-lived RNA species that are transcribed at very high rates but also quickly degraded. Nevertheless, eRNAs are deeply intertwined within enhancer regulatory networks and are implicated in a number of transcriptional control mechanisms. Enhancers show changes in function and sequence over evolutionary time, raising questions about the relationship between enhancer sequences and eRNA function. Moreover, the vast majority of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with human complex diseases map to the non-coding genome, with causal disease variants enriched within enhancers. In this Primer, we survey the diverse roles played by eRNAs in enhancer-dependent gene expression, evaluating different models for eRNA function. We also explore questions surrounding the genetic conservation of enhancers and how this relates to eRNA function and dysfunction. The Company of Biologists Ltd 2022-08-30 /pmc/articles/PMC9481971/ /pubmed/36039999 http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.200398 Text en © 2022. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. |
spellingShingle | Primer Harrison, Laura J. Bose, Daniel Enhancer RNAs step forward: new insights into enhancer function |
title | Enhancer RNAs step forward: new insights into enhancer function |
title_full | Enhancer RNAs step forward: new insights into enhancer function |
title_fullStr | Enhancer RNAs step forward: new insights into enhancer function |
title_full_unstemmed | Enhancer RNAs step forward: new insights into enhancer function |
title_short | Enhancer RNAs step forward: new insights into enhancer function |
title_sort | enhancer rnas step forward: new insights into enhancer function |
topic | Primer |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9481971/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36039999 http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.200398 |
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